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PART
I – |
FINANCIAL
INFORMATION |
|
|
ITEM
1. |
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS |
Oragenics,
Inc.
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
See
accompanying notes.
Oragenics,
Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)
See
accompanying notes.
Oragenics,
Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
| |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Capital | | |
Deficit | | |
Equity | |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| |
| | |
| | |
Additional | | |
| | |
Total | |
| |
Common Stock | | |
Preferred Stock | | |
Paid In | | |
Accumulated | | |
Shareholders’ | |
| |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Capital | | |
Deficit | | |
Equity | |
Balances at December 31, 2020 | |
| 91,766,928 | | |
$ | 91,767 | | |
| 16,017,133.483 | | |
$ | 7,174,854 | | |
$ | 164,022,957 | | |
$ | (154,444,983 | ) | |
$ | 16,844,595 | |
Compensation expense relating to option issuances | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 1,123,761 | | |
| — | | |
| 1,123,761 | |
Series C dividend | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 33.016 | | |
| 1,117,531 | | |
| — | | |
| (1,117,531 | ) | |
| — | |
Series C redemption | |
| | | |
| | | |
| (166.499 | ) | |
| (5,635,672 | ) | |
| | | |
| | | |
| (5,635,672 | ) |
ATM offering - net of expenses | |
| 21,398,765 | | |
| 21,399 | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 26,654,993 | | |
| — | | |
| 26,676,392 | |
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercise | |
| 2,472,573 | | |
| 2,472 | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 2,258,864 | | |
| — | | |
| 2,261,336 | |
Net loss | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| (5,219,945 | ) | |
| (5,219,945 | ) |
Balances at March 31, 2021 | |
| 115,638,266 | | |
| 115,638 | | |
| 16,017,000 | | |
| 2,656,713 | | |
| 194,060,575 | | |
| (160,782,459 | ) | |
| 36,050,467 | |
Compensation expense relating to option issuances | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 231,140 | | |
| — | | |
| 231,140 | |
Issuance of common stock from option exercise | |
| 556,540 | | |
| 557 | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| 266,583 | | |
| — | | |
| 267,140 | |
Net loss | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| (3,815,347 | ) | |
| (3,815,347 | ) |
Balances at June 30, 2021 | |
| 116,194,806 | | |
| 116,195 | | |
| 16,017,000 | | |
| 2,656,713 | | |
| 194,558,298 | | |
| (164,597,806 | ) | |
| 32,733,400 | |
See
accompanying notes.
Oragenics,
Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
See
accompanying notes.
Oragenics,
Inc.
Notes
to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1.
Organization
Oragenics,
Inc. (the “Company” or “we”) is focused on the development of the NT-CoV2-1 intranasal vaccine candidate to combat
the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (“SARS-CoV-2”) and further development of effective treatments for
novel antibiotics against infectious disease.
2.
Basis of Presentation
The
accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (audited) and three and six
months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
of America (“US GAAP”) for interim consolidated financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article
8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by US GAAP for complete consolidated
financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting
of normal recurring accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for
the periods presented. The results of operations for the interim period ended June 30, 2022, are not necessarily indicative of the results
of operations that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2022, or any future period.
These
consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year
ended December 31, 2021, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March
24, 2022. The Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. To date, the Company has
not generated significant revenues from operations. The Company incurred a net loss of $10,068,087 and used cash of $9,019,757 in its
operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $181,342,215.
The
Company expects to incur substantial expenditures to further develop its technologies. The Company believes the working capital at June
30, 2022 will be sufficient to meet the business objectives as presently structured through the fourth quarter of 2022. As such, there
is substantial doubt that we can continue as a going concern beyond that date.
The
Company’s ability to continue operations after its current cash resources are exhausted depends on its ability to obtain additional
financing or achieve profitable operations, as to which no assurances can be given. Cash requirements may vary materially from those
now planned because of changes in the Company’s focus and direction of its research and development programs, competitive and technical
advances, or other developments. Additional financing will be required to continue operations after the Company exhausts its current
cash resources and to continue its long-term plans for clinical trials and new product development. There can be no assurance that any
such financing can be realized by the Company, or if realized, what the terms thereof may be, or that any amount that the Company is
able to raise will be adequate to support the Company’s working capital requirements until it achieves profitable operations.
The
Company intends to seek additional funding through sublicensing arrangements, joint venturing or partnering, sales of rights to technology,
government grants and public or private financings. The Company’s future success depends on its ability to raise capital and ultimately
generate revenue and attain profitability. The Company cannot be certain that additional capital, whether through selling additional
debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to it or, if available, will be on terms acceptable
to the Company. If the Company issues additional securities to raise funds, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges
senior to those of its common stock, and the Company’s current shareholders may experience dilution. If the Company is unable to
obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to curtail its current development programs, cut operating
costs and forego future development and other opportunities.
3.
Significant Accounting Policies
Basis
of Consolidation
The
consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Oragenics, Inc. and our wholly-owned subsidiary Noachis Terra, Inc.(“NTI”).
All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
New
Accounting Standards
There
are no additional accounting pronouncements issued or effective during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, that have had, or
are expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Use
of Estimates
The
preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. The principal area of estimation reflected in the consolidated financial statements is stock-based compensation.
Stock-Based
Payment Arrangements
Generally,
all forms of stock-based payments, including stock option grants, and warrants are measured at their fair value on the awards’
grant date using a Black-Scholes pricing model. Stock-based compensation awards issued to non-employees for services rendered are recorded
at the fair value of the stock-based payment. The expense resulting from stock-based payments are recorded in research and development
expense or general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations, depending on the nature of the services provided.
Stock-based payment expense is recorded over the requisite service period in which the grantee provides services to us. To the extent
the stock option grants, or warrants do not vest at the grant date they are subject to forfeiture.
Stock-Based
Compensation
US
GAAP requires all stock-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the consolidated
financial statements based on their fair values as of the grant date. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded over the requisite
service period in which the grantee provides services to us, to the extent the options do not vest at the grant date and are subject
to forfeiture. For performance-based awards that do not include market-based conditions, we record share-based compensation expense only
when the performance-based milestone is deemed probable of achievement. We utilize both quantitative and qualitative criteria to judge
whether milestones are probable of achievement. For awards with market-based performance conditions, we recognize the grant-date fair
value of the award over the derived service period regardless of whether the underlying performance condition is met. In connection with
adopting ASU 2016-09, the Company made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures in compensation expense as they occur.
Warrants
The
Company used the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model in calculating the relative fair value of any warrants that have been issued.
Net
Loss Per Share
During
all periods presented, the Company had securities outstanding that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future but
were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, as their effect would have been antidilutive because the Company reported
a net loss for all periods presented. Basic and diluted net loss per share amounts are the same for the periods presented. Net loss per
share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding.
Concentrations
Financial
instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents.
The Company maintains cash accounts in commercial banks, which may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced
any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. As of
June 30, 2022, the uninsured portion of this balance was $17,617,483. As of December 31, 2021, the uninsured portion of this balance
was $27,015,703.
Grant
Revenue
Grant
revenues are derived from a small business innovation research grant in the amount of $250,000 (“Computer-aided Design for Improved
Lantibiotics” R41GM136034. The Company recognizes grant revenue as reimbursable grant costs are incurred up to the pre-approved
award limits within the budget period. The costs associated with these reimbursements are reflected as a component of research and development
expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.
4.
Stock-based Compensation
The
Company recognized stock-based compensation on all employee and non-employee awards as follows:
Schedule of Stock Based Compensation Expenses Recognized
| |
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 | | |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 | |
Research and development | |
$ | 26,399 | | |
$ | 48,761 | | |
$ | 65,854 | | |
$ | 79,688 | |
General and administrative | |
| 252,589 | | |
| 182,379 | | |
| 303,381 | | |
| 1,275,213 | |
Total Stock-based compensation | |
$ | 278,988 | | |
$ | 231,140 | | |
$ | 369,235 | | |
$ | 1,354,901 | |
The
following table summarizes the stock option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2022:
Summary of Stock Option Activity
| |
Number of Shares | | |
Weighted Average Exercise Price | | |
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) | | |
Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) | |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | |
| 6,724,402 | | |
$ | 0.95 | | |
| 7.99 | | |
$ | 2,773 | |
Granted | |
| 1,382,500 | | |
| 0.32 | | |
| — | | |
$ | — | |
Exercised | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
| — | | |
$ | — | |
Expired | |
| (4,500 | ) | |
| 12.00 | | |
| | | |
| | |
Forfeited | |
| (726,998 | ) | |
| 0.94 | | |
| — | | |
$ | — | |
Outstanding at June 30, 2022 | |
| 7,375,404 | | |
$ | 0.83 | | |
| 8.06 | | |
$ | 72,050 | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Exercisable at June 30, 2022 | |
| 5,952,900 | | |
$ | 0.89 | | |
| 7.74 | | |
$ | 36,300 | |
(1) | | The aggregate intrinsic
value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option awards and the closing market price of
our common stock as of December 31, 2021 and June, 2022, respectively. |
Total
unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $436,162 as of June 30, 2022 and is expected to be recognized over
a weighted-average period of less than two years.
On
February 25, 2022, the Company held its reconvened 2020 Annual Meeting. At the reconvened 2020Annual Meeting, the shareholders of the
Company approved and ratified the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) which is a successor to the
Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”).The 2021 Plan provides the aggregate number of shares of Common
Stock that may be issued under the 2021 Plan will not exceed the sum of (i) 10,000,000 new shares, (ii) the number of shares remaining
available for the grant of new awards under the 2012 Plan as of immediately prior to the effective date of the 2021 Plan, and (iii) certain
shares subject to outstanding awards granted under the 2012 Plan that may become available for issuance under the 2021 Plan, as such
shares become available from time to time. As of June
30, 2022, 9,877,306 shares of common stock are available for future awards under the 2021 Plan.
Each
executive officer and non-employee director receiving equity-based awards is subject to a minimum dollar value stock ownership holding
requirement with respect to the awards received as well as all prior equity awards under the Plan which requirements are intended to
align the ability to sell shares with the performance of the Company’s stock price. The executive officer recipients each have
a minimum dollar value stock ownership holding requirement threshold equal to two times (2x) their then base salaries below which dollar
threshold they would be precluded from selling any shares of Company stock obtained from the Company under its Plan. Also, the non-employee
directors are each subject to a minimum dollar value stock ownership holding requirement threshold equal to six times the annual Board
retainer ($270,000) below which dollar threshold they would be precluded from selling shares of Company stock acquired from the Company
under its Plan.
5.
Warrants
During
the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company issued
an additional 2,472,573 shares of common stock as a result of the exercise of certain outstanding warrants as follows: (i) warrants to
acquire 360,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share were exercised and (ii) warrants to acquire 2,112,573
shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.90 per share were exercised. The warrant exercises provided aggregate gross proceeds
to the Company of $2,261,336.
A
summary of warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 and the six months ended June 30, 2022 is as follows:
Schedule of Warrants Activity
| |
Warrants | | |
Weighted Average Price | |
Balance - December 31, 2020 | |
| 20,513,145 | | |
$ | 1.36 | |
Granted | |
| — | | |
| — | |
Exercised | |
| (2,472,573 | ) | |
| 0.91 | |
Expired | |
| — | | |
| — | |
Balance - December 31, 2021 | |
| 18,040,572 | | |
| 1.42 | |
Granted | |
| — | | |
| — | |
Exercised | |
| — | | |
| — | |
Expired | |
| — | | |
| — | |
Balance - June 30, 2022 | |
| 18,040,572 | | |
$ | 1.42 | |
The
warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2022 are as follows:
Schedule of Warrants Outstanding
Exercise Price | | |
Warrants Outstanding | | |
Expiration Date |
$ | 3.10 | | |
| 48,387 | | |
9/19/2022 |
$ | 2.00 | | |
| 900,000 | | |
4/10/2023 |
$ | 3.10 | | |
| 462,106 | | |
5/10/2024 |
$ | 3.10 | | |
| 602,414 | | |
7/25/2024 |
$ | 3.10 | | |
| 1,064,518 | | |
11/8/2024 |
$ | 1.00 | | |
| 3,174,500 | | |
7/17/2025 |
$ | 0.90 | | |
| 2,588,647 | | |
3/25/2024 |
$ | 1.25 | | |
| 9,200,000 | | |
5/1/2025 |
| | | |
| 18,040,572 | | |
|
All
outstanding warrants are classified as equity on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
6.
Short-Term Notes Payable
As
of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $— and $303,416, respectively, in short-term notes payable for the financing
of various insurance policies.
Products
Liability Insurance
The
product liability insurance policy has been renewed in subsequent periods without premium financing.
Directors’
and Officers’ Insurance
On
July 24, 2021, the Company entered into a short-term note payable for $600,169 bearing interest at 5.34% to finance a portion of the
directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and employment practices liability insurance premiums. Principal and interest
payments on this note began August 24, 2021 and are made evenly based on a straight-line amortization over a 10-month period with the
final payment being made on May 16, 2022.
On
July 24, 2020, the Company entered into a short-term note payable for $413,784 bearing interest at 5.39% to finance a portion of the
directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and employment practices liability insurance premiums. Principal and interest
payments on this note began August 24, 2020 and were made evenly based on a straight-line amortization over an 11-month period with the
final payment being made on June 28, 2021.
7.
Commitments and Contingencies
Additional
Consideration-NTI Acquisition
In
connection with the Company’s acquisition of NTI in May of 2020, the Company is obligated to pay the former sole shareholder of
NTI contingent consideration based upon the exercise of certain of the Company’s outstanding warrants as follows: (i) twenty percent
(20%) of the cash proceeds received by the Company upon exercise of the Company’s warrants carrying an exercise price of $0.75
and $0.90 and (ii) forty-five percent (45%) of the cash proceeds received by the Company upon exercise of the Company’s warrants
carrying an exercise price of $1.00, in each case, for so long as the warrants remain outstanding. The Company’s previously issued
warrants carrying an exercise price of $0.75 have expired by their terms. As a result, no additional consideration will be due to the
former sole shareholder of NTI relating to these warrants.
During
the three months ended March 31, 2021, 2,472,573 warrants were exercised as follows: (i) 360,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.00
per share and (ii) 2,112,573 at an exercise price of $0.90 per share. See Note 9. Shareholders’ Equity.
As
a result of the warrant exercises in 2021, the Company paid $542,263 of additional consideration to the sole former shareholder of NTI.
The additional consideration payment is included in research and development expenses.
During
the three months ended June 30, 2022, no warrants were exercised that resulted in the payment of
additional consideration to the sole former shareholder of NTI.
NIH
License
Through
NTI, the Company is a party to a Patent License and Biological Materials License Agreement (the “NIH License Agreement” or
“NIH License”), dated March 23, 2020, with the United States Department of Health and Human Services (the “HHS”),
as represented by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (“NIAID”), an Institute within the National Institutes
of Health (“NIH”). Under the terms of the NIH License Agreement, we hold a nonexclusive, worldwide license to certain specified
patent rights (including patent applications, provisional patent applications and Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) patent
applications) and biological materials relating to the use of pre-fusion coronavirus spike proteins to exploit products (“Licensed
Products”) and practice processes (“Licensed Processes”) that are covered by the licensed patent rights and biological
materials for the purpose of developing and commercializing a vaccine product candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
Under
the terms of the NIH License Agreement, the NIAID is entitled to receive a non-creditable, nonrefundable upfront license issue royalty
of $30,000 and reimbursement of $11,739 for our pro rata share of the NIAID’s past and future patent prosecution-related expenses
(which amounts have already been paid). Additionally, the NIAID is entitled to receive lump sum nonrefundable minimum annual royalties,
which increase in the year after the first commercial sale of any Licensed Products or the practice of any Licensed Processes, as well
as lump sum benchmark royalties following our completion of certain commercial development and sales-related benchmarks. The NIH is entitled
to receive earned royalties on the annual net sales of Licensed Products and the practice of any Licensed Processes (subject to certain
reductions), at certain low- to mid-single digit royalty rates, which rates vary based on the total amount of annual net sales and the
geographic market in which those sales occur. We must provide regular written reports to the NIAID on the development status of and royalty
payments relating to the Licensed Products and the Licensed Processes.
The
NIH License Agreement will expire upon (a) twenty (20) years from the first commercial sale where no licensed patent rights exist or
have ceased to exist or (b) the expiration of the last patent contained in the licensed patent rights, unless terminated earlier. None
of the applications included in the NIH licensed patent rights have issued yet. The NIH may terminate or modify the license in the event
of a material breach, including if the Company does not meet certain milestones by certain dates, or upon certain insolvency events that
remain uncured following the date that is 90 days following written notice of such breach or insolvency event. The Company may terminate
the license, or any portion thereof, at its sole discretion at any time upon 60 days written notice to the NIH.
NRC
License
On
July 26, 2021, the Company entered into a non-exclusive Technology License Agreement (the “NRC License Agreement”) with the
National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”) pursuant to which the NRC grants to the Company a license to use NRC’s
inventions, patents, trade secrets, know-how, copyright, biological material, designs, and/or technical information created by or on
behalf of the NRC (the “NRC Technologies”) relating to the derivatives of CHO 2353 TM Cell Line listed in the
NRC License Agreement (the “Stable Cells”) to: (i) make, research, and develop SARS-CoV-2 spike protein manufactured by a
Stable Cell (the “Drug Substance”) within Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United
States (U.S.) (collectively the “Territory”); (ii) file regulatory approval, export and sell the final formulation of the
Drug Substance (“Products”) and (iii) engage contractors to use the Stable Cells to make Drug Substance or Products on behalf
of the Company to be used and sold, worldwide, by the Company. The NRC License Agreement was subsequently amended to include the Delta
and Omicron variants. In addition, the Company subsequently amended the NRC License Agreement to broaden the non-exclusive field of use
to include all diseases caused by coronaviruses and any genetic variants thereof.
As
consideration for the grant of the license, the Company will pay to the NRC an annual (low five digits) license fee, with the initial
portion of the fee covering the first three years of the license. Additionally, we will pay certain milestone payments (a) upon transfer
of each Stable Cell listed in the Agreement and (b) with regard to each of the first three Products, (i) upon submission of the Investigational
New Drug application (IND) related thereto, (ii) upon dosing the first patient in a Phase 1 or Phase 2 clinical trial, (iii) upon dosing
the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial and (iv) upon first regulatory approval. Milestone payments range from the low five digits
to high six digits. In addition, Oragenics will pay a low single-digit royalty to the NRC for the sale of Products, based on sales revenue,
commencing after the first commercial sale.
Pursuant
to the NRC License Agreement, the NRC is required to bear the responsibility and pay the costs to obtain and maintain patents related
to the NRC Technologies in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, European Union, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Australia, China, and India, and
the NRC shall use reasonable efforts to obtain and maintain those patents. Additional countries may be requested by us, in which event,
the NRC will file and maintain such patents, at our expense.
Pursuant
to the NRC License Agreement, we are required to indemnify and hold the NRC and its employees and agents harmless from and against all
liability and damages in connection with or arising out of all claims, demands, losses, damages, costs including solicitor and client
costs, actions, suits or proceedings brought by any third party that are in any manner based upon, arising out of, related to, occasioned
by, or attributable to the manufacturing, distribution, shipment, offering for sale, sale, or use of Products, services based on the
NRC Technologies and product liability and infringement of intellectual property rights other than copyright, if any, licensed under
the NRC License Agreement.
Unless
terminated earlier, the NRC License Agreement will terminate twenty (20) years from the effective date of the NRC License Agreement.
Either party may terminate the NRC License Agreement, by giving written notice to the other party, if the other party defaults or is
in breach of the NRC License Agreement, provided that if the defaulting party cures the breach within 60 days after the notice is given,
the NRC License Agreement shall continue in full force and effect. The NRC may terminate the NRC License Agreement if the Company becomes
bankrupt, or insolvent, or has a receiver appointed to continue its operations, or passes a resolution for winding up. The NRC License
Agreement contains customary confidentiality obligations.
In
addition, in connection with the initiative to develop its vaccine, we also previously entered into a material transfer agreement with
the NRC for SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein Wuhan variant and SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein South African variant to move forward
with pre-clinical testing.
Leases
Lab
Facility-Alachua. The Company’s Alachua facility is being leased from a real estate developer for a term of five years beginning
in December 2019. Under the amended lease agreement, the rental payments range from $12,870 per month to $13,338 per month. The lease
may be terminated prior to its stated expiration date upon the payment of nine-months rent.
Corporate
Office – Tampa. In November of 2016, the Company entered into an amendment for the leased office space for corporate personnel
located in Tampa, FL. The amended lease is for approximately 2,207 square feet. The lease period for the office space is for thirty-six
months commencing on March 1, 2017. Lease payments range from $4,138 per month to $4,392 per month inclusive of insurance, taxes and
utilities. The lease expired on February 29, 2020. In November of 2019, the Company entered into an amendment for the Tampa facility
for a term of three years beginning in March of 2020. Under the amended lease agreement, the rental payments range from $4,524 per month
to $4,800 per month.
Supplemental
balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information Related to Leases
| |
June 30, 2022 | | |
December 31, 2021 | |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term In Years | |
| | | |
| | |
Operating leases | |
| 1.95 | | |
| 2.45 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Weighted Average Discount Rate | |
| | | |
| | |
Operating leases | |
| 5.69 | % | |
| 5.70 | % |
Maturities
of operating lease liabilities are as follows:
Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities
Year ended December 31: | |
| | |
2022 | |
$ | 108,829 | |
2023 | |
| 169,656 | |
2024 | |
| 146,718 | |
Total | |
$ | 425,203 | |
Less: Imputed interest | |
| (27,026 | ) |
Present value of lease liabilities | |
$ | 398,177 | |
The
cost component of operating leases is as follows:
Schedule of Cost Component of Operating Leases
| |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 | |
Operating lease cost | |
$ | 114,259 | | |
$ | 114,002 | |
Short-term lease cost | |
| 1,965 | | |
| 782 | |
Total lease cost | |
$ | 116,224 | | |
$ | 114,784 | |
Supplemental
cash flow information related to operating leases is as follows:
Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information Related to Operating Leases
| |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 | |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | |
$ | 117,350 | | |
$ | 113,454 | |
8.
Shareholders’ Equity
Common
Stock
The
Company’s Board of Directors and the Company’s shareholders, at its reconvened 2020 Annual Meeting on February 25, 2022,
approved an amendment to our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to (i) increase the number of authorized shares of common
stock from 200,000,000 shares to 250,000,000 shares.
During
the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company issued no shares of common stock.
During
the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company issued an aggregate of 23,871,338 shares of common stock comprised of (i) 21,398,765
shares of common stock issued in connection with sales under its At-The-Market Program which generated gross proceeds of approximately
$27.8 million and (ii) 2,472,573 shares of common stock issued as the result of the exercise of certain outstanding warrants which generated
gross proceeds of approximately $2.3 million as a result of the exercise of certain outstanding.
Preferred
Stock
Series
C Non-Voting, Non-Convertible, Preferred Stock Dividend and Redemption
During
the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company provided a notice of redemption, to the holder of the Company’s Series C Preferred
Stock to redeem all outstanding Series C Preferred Stock (which included the dividend of 26.697 shares paid on January 28, 2021 and any
accrued dividends due through the redemption date of March 13, 2021). The Series C Preferred Stock redemption amount of approximately
$5.6 million was paid on March 15, 2021 and all outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock were cancelled.
ITEM
2. |
MANAGEMENT’S
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
The
following information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included
elsewhere in this Form 10-Q as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed on March 24, 2022.
As
used in this quarterly report the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, “Oragenics” and the “Company”
mean Oragenics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary Noachis Terra Inc., unless the context otherwise requires.
Forward-Looking
Statements
This
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements are not historical
facts, but are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, our beliefs and our assumptions. These forward-looking
statements include statements about our strategies, objectives and our future achievement. To the extent statements in this Quarterly
Report involve, without limitation, our expectations for growth, estimates of future revenue, our sources and uses of cash, our liquidity
needs, our current or planned clinical trials or research and development activities, product development timelines, our future products,
regulatory matters, expense, profits, cash flow balance sheet items or any other guidance on future periods, these statements are forward-looking
statements. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of word or phrases such as “believe,” “will,”
“expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” and “would. “These
forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and concern matters that could subsequently differ materially from
those described in the forward-looking statements. Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed in this Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements
or to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this Report. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ
materially from those in these forward-looking statements are in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the most recent Annual
Report on Form 10- K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the other risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in
this report as well as other risks identified from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases
and other communications. In addition, the statements contained throughout this Quarterly Report concerning future events or developments
or our future activities, including concerning, among other matters, current or planned clinical trials, anticipated research and development
activities, anticipated dates for commencement of clinical trials, anticipated completion dates of clinical trials, anticipated meetings
with the FDA or other regulatory authorities concerning our product candidates, anticipated dates for submissions to obtain required
regulatory marketing approvals, anticipated dates for commercial introduction of products, and other statements concerning our future
operations and activities, are forward-looking statements that in each instance assume that we are able to obtain sufficient funding
in the near term and thereafter to support such activities and continue our operations and planned activities in a timely manner. There
can be no assurance that this will be the case. Also, such statements assume that there are no significant unexpected developments or
events that delay or prevent such activities from occurring. Failure to timely obtain sufficient funding, or unexpected developments
or events, could delay the occurrence of such events or prevent the events described in any such statements from occurring.
Overview
We
are a development-stage company dedicated to fighting infectious diseases including coronaviruses and multidrug-resistant organisms.
Our lead product (NT-CoV2-1) is an intranasal vaccine candidate to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) from the
SARS-CoV-2 virus and variants thereof. The NT-CoV2-1 program leverages coronavirus spike protein research licensed from the National
Institute of Health and the National Research Council of Canada with a focus on reducing viral transmission and offering a more patient-friendly
intranasal administration. Our lantibiotics program features a novel class of antibiotics against bacteria that have developed resistance
to commercial antibiotics.
Our
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Product Candidate - NT-CoV2-1
Following
our May 2020 acquisition of one hundred percent (100%) of the total issued and outstanding common stock of Noachis Terra, Inc. (“Noachis
Terra”) we are focused on the development and commercialization of a vaccine product candidate to provide long-lasting immunity
from SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Noachis Terra is a party to a worldwide, nonexclusive intellectual property and biological materials
license agreement with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (“NIAID”), an institute within the National
Institutes of Health (“NIH”), relating to certain research, patent applications and biological materials involving pre-fusion
stabilized coronavirus spike proteins and their use in the development and commercialization of a vaccine to provide specific, long lasting
immunity from SARS-CoV-2. Since the acquisition we have conducted testing in animal models, including SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies in
hamsters, using specific formulations for intramuscular administration (our Terra CoV-2 vaccine candidate) and intranasal administration
(our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate), both based on the NIAID pre-fusion stabilized spike protein antigens. Following consideration of a
number of factors, including but not limited to the competitive landscape, we determined to bring the intranasal vaccine candidate NT-CoV2-1,
into further development due to the greater differentiation versus current COVID-19 vaccines and the potential benefits of intranasal
over intramuscular administration. We believe these benefits could include a higher reduction of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and would
offer a needle-free delivery option. We therefore are currently focusing our development efforts on our more highly differentiated NT-CoV2-1
vaccine candidate.
On
July 26, 2021, we entered into a licensing agreement with the National Research Council (“NRC”) that enables us to pursue
the development of next-generation vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants. The license was subsequently amended to include
the Omicron variant to broadened the non-exclusive field of use to include all diseases caused by coronaviruses and any genetic variants
thereof and to add a research protocol developed by the NRC and reagents as part of the NRC Technology licensed by us. The NRC technologies,
in combination with the licensed technologies from the U.S. NIH used in our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate, provide us with a platform that
can generate cell lines for high-yield production of spike protein antigens for existing and emerging variants of concern. This platform
should allow production of cell lines within six to eight weeks of spike gene sequence availability, compared with six to nine months
for traditional production of such cell lines. The NRC technologies, developed with support from the NRC’s Pandemic Response Challenge
Program, are expected to enable expedited evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen candidates in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Coronaviruses
are a family of viruses that can lead to upper-respiratory infections in humans. Recent clinical reports also suggest that the SARS-CoV-2
virus can affect other body-systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal systems. Among the recent iterations
of coronaviruses to move from animal to human carriers is SARS-CoV-2, which, beginning in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, caused a global
pandemic due to its rapid spread and the relatively high mortality rate (as compared to the seasonal influenza). In late July of 2022,
the World Health Organization’s estimates indicate the number of worldwide COVID-19 infections have exceeded 566 million and the
number of deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 have exceeded 6.4 million. Pfizer/BioNTech received FDA approval for their COVID-19
vaccines in August of 2021 and the Moderna vaccine in January 2022. The Janssen vaccine is currently available in the United States under
Emergency Use Authorizations (“EUA”) by the FDA. In July 2022, the FDA granted EUA for the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine as well.
The overall disease burden from COVID-19 has continued to increase in the U.S. despite 92% of those age 65 or older being fully vaccinated
and 72% of those age 5 or older. Current vaccines have reduced the rates of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 in vaccinated individuals,
but the transmission levels even in vaccinated individuals has allowed SARS-CoV-2 variants to continue to circulate. We believe given
the size of the worldwide pandemic that even with additional vaccines available in the months ahead, there will be demand for the highly
differentiated NT-CoV2-1 vaccine, once development is successfully completed. We intend to combine the research, patent applications
and biological materials covered by our NIAID license and with our NRC license and our existing clinical research and manufacturing capabilities
to respond rapidly to this ongoing, global, public health issue. We believe our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine holds the possibility of playing an
important role in addressing this issue.
Coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, possess
signature protein spikes on their outer capsule. Our NIAID license covers patents and data on a vaccine candidate that were created based
on a stabilized pre-fusion spike trimeric protein. By stabilizing the spike protein in the pre-fusion state, the number of immunogenic
centers is increased thereby allowing for a greater likelihood of successful antibody binding, resulting in an improved immunogenic response.
Spike protein antigens stabilized in the pre-fusion state have been used successfully in the leading COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech
and Moderna, which we believe reduces the risk of using the same approach in our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate. The Company is currently
producing Phase 1 clinical materials based on the pre-fusion protein stabilization technology licensed from the NIH as well as additional
antigen design technologies licensed from the NRC.
We
entered into both a material transfer agreement and a non-exclusive research license agreement with Inspirevax for the use of intranasal
mucosal adjuvants in our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidates. Regarding the intranasal mucosal adjuvants of interest, BDX300 and BDX301 are
proteosome-based adjuvants comprised of proteins and lipopolysaccharides with improved attributes including enhanced immune response,
manufacturing efficiency and the benefits of intranasal vaccine administration. The non-exclusive license agreement allows for the collaboration
and research regarding the intranasal delivery of vaccine during clinical development with the opportunity to enter into a commercial
agreement upon regulatory approval of the intranasal vaccine. The NT-CoV2-1 vaccine containing Inspirevax’s intranasal mucosal
adjuvant BDX301 has been studied in pre-clinical animal studies, including hamster viral challenge studies and mouse immunogenicity studies.
A rabbit toxicology study has been initiated and is required for regulatory approval prior to the Phase 1 clinical study.
We
began pre-clinical studies in June of 2021 through our collaboration and material transfer agreement with the NRC. We initiated an immunogenicity
study in mice to evaluate several adjuvant candidates. On August 30, 2021, we announced the successful completion of these mouse immunogenicity
studies that supported further development using either the intramuscular or intranasal routes of administration. A hamster challenge
study was initiated in September of 2021 to assess inhibition of viral replication using adjuvants specific for intramuscular and intranasal
administration. In December of 2021, we announced that both formulations generated robust immune responses and reduced the SARS-CoV-2
viral loads to undetectable levels in the nasal passages and lungs five days following a viral challenge. By contrast, hamsters in the
control groups that had received saline or adjuvants alone had no detectable immune response and substantial viral loads. The vaccines
delivered by intranasal and intramuscular routes generated immune responses as measured by multiple assays. On June 14, 2022, we announced
that the results of these studies were published in Nature Scientific Reports.
In
March of 2022, following a positive assessment of a rabbit-based pilot study, we initiated a Good Laboratory Practice toxicology study
to evaluate the safety profile and immunogenicity of NT-CoV2-1 in rabbits. This important preclinical study is designed to provide data
required to advance our intranasal vaccine candidate into human clinical studies. While the study has concluded, we are completing the
full set of toxicology data which will be needed to support the filing of an IND application for NT-CoV2-1. Based on our previous preclinical
results, we are encouraged that this study may further support our intranasal development path.
While
we previously had a Type B Pre-IND Meeting with the FDA on our intramuscular vaccine product candidate, we again met with the FDA in
a Type B Pre-IND Meeting request to discuss our intranasal vaccine product candidate. As a result of this meeting, the FDA indicated
that the Company could file an IND application for NT-CoV2-1 following the availability of the final GLP toxicology report for inclusion
in the IND.
We
believe the benefits of our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine product candidate through its intranasal delivery mechanism to be:
|
● |
Targeted
Mucosal Immunity – Conventional injectable vaccines are poor inducers of mucosal immunity, whereas intranasal immunization
can induce strong mucosal immunity by enhancing the immune response at the entry sites of mucosal pathogens. When the SARS-CoV-2
virus enters the nasal cavity, the respiratory epithelial layer is the first barrier against viral infection. The intranasal route
of vaccination provides two additional layers of protection over intramuscular shots because (i) it produces immunoglobulin A and
resident memory B and T cells in the respiratory mucosa that are an effective barrier to infection at those sites, and (ii) cross-reactive
resident memory B and T cells can respond earlier than other immune cells should a viral variant start an infection. |
|
|
|
|
● |
Needle-Free
Administration – As an obvious benefit, intranasal administration means needle-free delivery, resulting in meaningful differentiation
for children and needle-phobic populations, improved compliance and the potential for self-administration. |
|
|
|
|
● |
Storage
& Transport – The currently available mRNA-based vaccines have been delivered globally via stringent storage and transport
requirements that strain distribution logistics under the best of circumstances. A key benefit of our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate
is a significantly reduced handling burden, allowing transport at a more manageable refrigeration temperature (5°C) that improves
access globally including remote and under-vaccinated geographies. |
|
|
|
|
● |
Durability
– Broad initial success with mRNA vaccines has significantly diminished COVID-19’s impact and death, but the trade-off
has been fleeting efficacy. By benefitting from the immunological properties of the hybrid NIH/NRC construct, NT-CoV2-1 is potentially
much more durable and long-lasting than currently available mRNA-based therapies. |
Through
assessment of a variety of factors including our pre-clinical testing to date, the expected benefits noted above, evolving variants and
available vaccines in use, we determined to focus our development efforts on the intranasal delivery of our vaccine product candidate,
NT-CoV2-1, which we believe is more highly differentiated than the currently available and late-stage COVID-19 vaccines. We expect to
file an IND application with the FDA upon completion of our pending toxicology study and to thereafter commence a Phase 1 clinical study
with NT-CoV2-1, the protocol for which is currently under development.
In
parallel with our pursuit of an IND for a US-based Phase 1 study, we are exploring regulatory approval of an equivalent safety and immunogenicity
study with Health Canada through the submission of a Clinical Trial Application (“CTA”) with feedback expected by the end
of 2022. Given Health Canada’s experience with related adjuvants to that used in NT-CoV2-1 and the growing urgency for nasal vaccines,
we believe this parallel regulatory path remains a viable route for maintaining our development timelines.
We
expect to use our currently available cash resources to continue to advance the development of NT-CoV2-1 through IND-enabling studies
and commencement of a Phase 1 clinical trial with further clinical development being contingent upon the receipt of additional funding,
including non-dilutive government grant funding which we continue to pursue, or partnering or out-licensing opportunities.
Our
Antibiotic Product Candidate - Oragenics Derived Compound (ODC-x)
Members
of our scientific team discovered that a certain bacterial strain of Streptococcus mutans, produces Mutacin 1140 (MU1140), a molecule
belonging to the novel class of antibiotics known as lantibiotics. Lantibiotics, such as MU1140, are highly modified peptide antibiotics
made by a small group of Gram-positive bacterial species. Over 60 lantibiotics have been discovered, to date. We believe lantibiotics
are generally recognized by the scientific community to be potent antibiotic agents.
In
nonclinical testing, MU1140 has shown activity against all Gram-positive bacteria against which it has been tested, including those responsible
for a number of healthcare associated infections, or HAIs. A high percentage of hospital-acquired infections are caused by highly antibiotic-resistant
bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. We believe the need
for novel antibiotics is increasing as a result of the growing resistance of target pathogens to existing FDA approved antibiotics on
the market.
Lantibiotics
have been difficult to investigate for their clinical usefulness as therapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases due to
a general inability to produce or synthesize sufficient quantities of pure amounts of these molecules. Traditional fermentation methods
can only produce minute amounts of the lantibiotic.
The
timing of the filing of an IND regarding any future lantibiotic candidate is subject to our having sufficient available human, material
and financing capital, which includes research subjects, both animal and human, given all of our anticipated needs and expected requirements
in connection with our ongoing research and development initiatives. We expect to continue to advance our lantibiotics program to an
IND filing based on the availability of both human and financial capital. Based upon the current funding we expect to continue to focus
on the identification of new potential product lantibiotic candidates, efficient and cost-effective improvements in the manufacturing
processes and pre-clinical studies required to support a first in human Phase 1 clinical study.
In
October 2021, we were awarded a small business innovation research grant in the amount of $250,000 (“Computer-aided Design for
Improved Lantibiotics”, R41GM136034) for the Company’s continued research and development of lantibiotics, including its
collaborative program with the Biomolecular Sciences Institute at Florida International University (FIU). The grant provides the Company
with funding to develop novel lantibiotics for the treatment of ESKAPE pathogens (defined as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus
aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.).
Product
Candidates.
Through
our wholly-owned subsidiary, Noachis Terra, we began the research and development stage for our new Terra CoV-2 and NT-CoV2-1 vaccine
product candidates. We hold a nonexclusive, worldwide intellectual property license agreement for certain research, patent applications
and biological materials relating to the use of pre-fusion coronavirus spike proteins for the development and commercialization of a
vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. We also hold a non-exclusive license with the NRC that enables us to pursue the rapid development of next-generation
vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 (the “NIH License”) virus and its variants (the “NRC License” and together with
the NIH License the License Agreements.
Additionally,
we are developing semi-synthetic lantibiotic analogs that may be effective against systemic Gram-positive multidrug infections, and analogs
that may be effective in treating Gram-negative infections. We seek to protect our product candidates through patents and patent applications
pursuant to the terms of our license agreements.
Product/Candidate |
|
Description |
|
Application |
|
Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NT-CoV2-1 |
|
Intranasal
vaccine candidate (recombinant protein + adjuvant) to provide long lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2 |
|
Broad,
community-based vaccine immunity against SARS-CoV-2 |
|
Pre-clinical
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Antibiotics |
|
Semi-synthetic analogs
of MU1140: Member of lantibiotic class of antibiotics |
|
Healthcare-associated infections |
|
Pre-clinical |
Our
Business Development Strategy
Success
in the biopharmaceutical and product development industry relies on the continuous development of novel product candidates. Most product
candidates do not make it past the clinical development stage, which forces companies to look externally for innovation. Accordingly,
we expect from time to time, to seek strategic opportunities through various forms of business development, which can include strategic
alliances, licensing deals, joint ventures, collaborations, equity-or debt-based investments, dispositions, mergers and acquisitions.
We view these business development activities as a necessary component of our strategies, and we seek to enhance shareholder value by
evaluating business development opportunities both within and complementary to our current business as well as opportunities that may
be new and separate from the development of our existing product candidates.
Financial
Overview
Impact
of the Novel Coronavirus.
The
current COVID-19 pandemic has presented a substantial public health and economic challenge around the world and is affecting our employees,
development partners, communities and business operations, as the U.S. and global economies and financial markets. The full extent to
which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend
on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information or trends that may emerge
concerning COVID-19, the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact, the emergence of any new variant strains of COVID-19, and the
impact on local, regional, national and international markets.
To
date, we and our development partners, have been able to conduct ordinary operations at or near normal levels and do not currently anticipate
any interruptions for the foreseeable future. However, there could be additional repercussions for our operations, particularly for the
initial development of our NT-CoV2-1 product candidate, including but not limited to, the sourcing of materials for product candidates,
manufacture of supplies for preclinical and/or clinical studies, delays in clinical operations, which may include the availability or
the continued availability of patients for trials due to such things as quarantines, conduct of patient monitoring and clinical trial
data retrieval at investigational study sites. The continuation of the pandemic could adversely affect our planned clinical trial operations,
including our ability to conduct the trials on the expected timelines and recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and
site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 if their geography is impacted by the pandemic. Further,
the COVID-19 pandemic could result in delays in our clinical trials due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the pandemic,
the broad emergency use authorization of vaccines, restrictions in travel, potential unwillingness of patients to enroll in trials at
this time, or the inability of patients to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines or travel restrictions impede patient
movement or interrupt healthcare services. In addition, we rely on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations
and other third-party service providers to assist us in managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out our preclinical studies and clinical
trials, and the pandemic may affect their ability to devote sufficient time and resources to our programs or to travel to sites to perform
work for us.
Research
and Development Expenses
Research
and development consist of expenses incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our product candidates. These expenses
consist primarily of employee-related expenses, which include salaries and benefits and attending science conferences; expenses incurred
under our License Agreements with third parties and under other agreements with contract research organizations, investigative sites
and consultants that conduct our clinical trials and a substantial portion of our nonclinical studies; the cost of acquiring and manufacturing
clinical trial materials; facilities, depreciation and other allocated expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent
and maintenance of facilities and equipment, and depreciation of fixed assets; license fees, for and milestone payments related to, in-licensed
products and technology; stock-based compensation expense; and costs associated with nonclinical activities and regulatory approvals.
We expense research and development costs as incurred.
Our
research and development expenses can be divided into (i) clinical research, and (ii) nonclinical research and development activities.
Clinical research costs consist of clinical trials, manufacturing services, regulatory activities all of which are largely provided by
third parties. Nonclinical research and development costs consist of our research activities, research activities provided by third parties,
our own nonclinical studies, nonclinical studies provided by third parties, the acquisition of in process research and development, related
personnel costs and laboratory supplies, and other costs such as rent, utilities, depreciation and stock-based compensation and research
expenses we incur associated with the development of our product candidates. While we are currently focused on advancing our product
development programs, our future research and development expenses will depend on the clinical success of our product candidates, as
well as ongoing assessments of each product candidate’s commercial potential. In addition, we cannot forecast with any degree of
certainty which product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to
what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans, research expenses and capital requirements.
Our
research and development expenses were $7,771,244 and $5,728,479 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Our
current product development strategy contemplates an expected increase in our research and development expenses in the future as we continue
the advancement of our product development programs for our vaccine and lantibiotic product candidates, with greater near-term emphasis
on our vaccine product candidate. The lengthy process of completing pre-clinical studies, clinical trials; seeking regulatory approval
for our product candidates; and expanding the potential claims we are able to make, requires expenditure of substantial resources. Any
failure or delay in completing pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, or in obtaining regulatory approvals, could cause a delay in generating
product revenues and cause our research and development expenses to increase and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Our current product candidates are not expected to be commercially available until we are able to obtain regulatory approval from the
FDA or the regulatory authority in other jurisdictions where we may seek approval.
Our
plan is to budget and manage expenditures in research and development such that they are undertaken in a cost-effective manner yet still
advance the research and development efforts. While we have some control under our Lantibiotic program and the License Agreements as
to the planning and timing of our research and development and therefore the timing of when expenditures may be incurred for various
phases of agreed upon projects, actual expenditures can vary from period to period. Subject to available capital, we expect overall research
and development expenses to increase as a result of our vaccine product candidate and to remain relatively constant with respect to our
lantibiotic program. Our research and development projects are currently expected to be taken to the point where they can be licensed
or partnered with larger pharmaceutical companies.
General
and Administrative Expenses
General
and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, finance, and administrative
functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses,
patent filing, and professional fees for legal, consulting, auditing and tax services.
We
anticipate that our general and administrative expenses to increase for, among others, the following reasons:
|
● |
to support
our research and development activities, which, subject to available capital, we expect to expand as we continue the development
of our product candidates; |
|
|
|
|
● |
the efforts we undertake
from, time to time, to raise additional capital; and |
|
|
|
|
● |
the increased payroll,
and stock-based compensation, expanded infrastructure and higher consulting, legal, accounting and investor relations costs associated
with being a public company. |
Other
Income (Expense)
Other
income (expense) includes local business taxes, gain on sale of property and equipment, as well as interest income and expense. Interest
income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, and interest earned on the stock subscription receivable. The primary
objective of our investment policy is capital preservation. Interest expense consists primarily of interest and costs associated with
our indebtedness.
Income
Taxes
At
December 31, 2021, the Company has federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards of $145,260,353. Federal and state tax net
operating loss carryforwards generated prior to December 31, 2017 will expire through 2037 and are not subject to taxable income limitations.
Federal tax net operating loss carryforwards generated subsequent to December 31, 2017, do not expire but are subject to taxable income
limitation pursuant to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted on December 22, 2017. State of Pennsylvania tax net operating loss
carryforwards will expire through 2036. The Company also has federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of $4,027,180.
The federal tax credit carryforward will expire beginning in 2021 and continuing through 2041 unless previously utilized.
Utilization
of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation
due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or, could occur in the future in accordance with Section 382 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 (“IRC Section 382”) and with Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as well as similar state
provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards
that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by
IRC Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation
by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The Company has completed several financings since its inception, as well
as the recent acquisition of Noachis Terra, which may result in a change in ownership as defined by IRC Section 382, or could result
in a change in control in the future. In each period since our inception, we have recorded a 100% valuation allowance for the full amount
of our deferred tax asset, as the realization of the deferred tax asset is uncertain. As a result, we have not recorded any federal tax
benefit in our statements of operations.
Results
of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
Grant
revenue. Grant revenue was $30,391 for the three
months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $-0- for the three months ended June 30, 2021; an increase of $30,391, or 100.0%. This increase
was attributable to the award of a small business innovation research grant.
Research
and Development. Research and development expenses were $3,033,182 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $2,467,575
for the three months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $565,607 or 22.9%.
The table below provides a breakdown of our research and development expense for the periods for our current development programs:
| |
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 | |
Lantibiotics Expense | |
| | | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Clinical Research | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Non-clinical research and development activities | |
| 297,520 | | |
| 304,311 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Vaccine Development Expense | |
| | | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Clinical Research | |
| 864,367 | | |
| - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Non-clinical research and development activities | |
| 1,871,295 | | |
| 2,163,264 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Total Research and Development expense | |
$ | 3,033,182 | | |
$ | 2,467,575 | |
This
increase was primarily due to increases in costs associated with the NT-CoV2-1 vaccine program, supplies and equipment costs, and rent
and utilities costs of $572,398, $34,292, and $18,735, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases in costs associated
with salaries and costs associated with our lantibiotic program of $29,967, and $23,254, respectively. The increase in research and development
expenses attributable to the vaccine development program related to our taking the requisite preclinical steps to be in a position to
submit an Initial New Drug Application to the FDA or other regulatory agency, including conducting toxicology studies in mice, hamsters,
and rabbits, enablement of COVID 19 variants, securing an adjuvant, assay testing, stability and release testing and preparing the elements
necessary for manufacturing of our vaccine product candidate in order to be in a position to move forward with a Phase 1 and Phase 2
clinical studies.
General
and Administrative. General and administrative expenses were $1,044,334 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to
$1,370,393 for three months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $326,059 or 23.8%. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in salaries,
filing fees and registration costs, and board costs of $252,448, $134,054, and $33,687. These decreases were offset by increases in non-employee
stock-based compensation, and insurance costs of $54,704 and $37,431, respectively.
Other
Income. Other income, net was $14,432 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $22,621 for the three months ended
June 30, 2021, resulting in a net change of $8,189. The net change was primarily attributable to a decrease in interest income of $8,885.
Results
of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
Grant
revenue. Grant revenue was $45,474 for the six
months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $-0- for the six months ended June 30, 2021; an increase of $45,474, or 100.0%. This increase
was attributable to the award of a small business innovation research grant.
Research
and Development. Research and development expenses were 7,771,244 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 5,728,479
for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $2,042,765 or 35.7%.
The table below provides a breakdown of our research and development
expense for the periods for our current development programs:
| |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 | | |
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 | |
Lantibiotics Expense | |
| | | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Clinical Research | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Non-clinical research and development activities | |
| 688,557 | | |
| 595,383 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Vaccine Development Expense | |
| | | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Clinical Research | |
| 1,955,117 | | |
| - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Non-clinical research and development activities | |
| 5,127,570 | | |
| 5,133,096 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Total Research and Development expense | |
$ | 7,771,244 | | |
$ | 5,728,479 | |
This
increase was primarily due to increases in costs associated with the NT-CoV2-1 vaccine program, supplies and equipment costs, bonus costs,
costs associated with our lantibiotic ECC, patent costs, and rent and utilities costs, of $2,491,852, $44,490, $39,060, $27,966, $26,745,
and $18,891, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases in costs associated with consideration relating to the
acquisition of Noachis Terra, Inc., and salaries of $542,261, and $71,603, respectively. The increase in research and development expenses
attributable to the vaccine development program related to our taking the requisite preclinical steps to be in a position to submit an
Initial New Drug Application to the FDA or other regulatory agency, including conducting toxicology studies in mice, hamsters, and rabbits,
enablement of COVID 19 variants, securing an adjuvant, assay testing, stability and release testing and preparing the elements necessary
for manufacturing of our vaccine product candidate in order to be in a position to move forward with a Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical studies.
General
and Administrative. General and administrative expenses were $2,375,883 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $3,346,969
for six months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $971,086 or 29.0%. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in non-employee stock-based
compensation, salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation costs, and payroll taxes of $945,141, $336,103, $27,233, $26,692,
and $21,091. These decreases were offset by increases in costs associated with filing fees and registration costs, insurance, bonus,
and legal costs of $216,742, $75,572, and $52,254, respectively.
Other
Income. Other income, net was $33,566 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $40,156 for the six months ended June
30, 2021, resulting in a net change of $6,590. The net change was primarily attributable to a decrease in interest income of $16,273.
and an increase in the gain on sale of property and equipment of $10,964.
Liquidity
and Capital Resources
Since
our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities in our initial public offering, the sale
of equity securities and warrants in private placements, debt financing, warrant exercises, public offerings, and grants. During the
six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 our operating activities used cash of $9,019,757, and $6,405,775, respectively. The
use of cash in all periods primarily resulted from our net losses adjusted for non-cash items and changes in operating assets and liabilities.
We had a working capital surplus of $16,509,559 and $26,262,129 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
During
the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021, our investing activities used cash of $(75,047) and $-0- respectively. The cash
used by investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022, was primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment net
of the proceeds from the sale of property and equipment.
During
the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021, our financing activities used and provided cash of $(303,416) and $23,340,969 respectively.
The cash used by and provided in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021, was primarily due
to payments on short term notes payable, the sales of common stock, the exercise of warrants, and the redemption of the Series C Preferred
stock.
Financing
Additional
details of our financing activities for the periods reflected in this report are provided below as well as certain information on our
outstanding shares of preferred stock:
November
2020 Public Offering.
On
November 24, 2020, we closed an underwritten public offering for gross proceeds of approximately $6.0 million, which included the full
exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option to purchase additional shares, prior to deducting underwriting discounts and
commissions and offering expenses. The offering was comprised of 14,189,189 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $0.37
per share. We granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to 2,128,378 additional shares of our common stock at the public
offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriter exercised its option in full to purchase 2,128,378 additional
shares of common stock, which the indicated gross proceeds reflect. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering primarily to continue
funding our pre-clinical development of our SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, NT-CoV2-1 and our lantibiotics program and for general corporate purposes,
including research and development activities, capital expenditures and working capital. Dr. Frederick Telling who is a Director of the
Company, participated in the offering through the purchase of 100,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. Dr. Telling’s
participation was approved by the Company’s Audit Committee.
December
2020 Registered Direct Offering.
On
December 29, 2020, we closed a registered direct offering for gross proceeds of approximately $6.5 million, prior to deducting underwriting
discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The offering was comprised of 14,444,444 shares of common stock at a price to the public
of $0.45 per share. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering primarily to continue funding our pre-clinical development of our
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, NT-CoV2-1 and our lantibiotics program and for general corporate purposes, including research and development activities,
capital expenditures and working capital.
At-the-
Market (“ATM Program”)
On
February 1, 2021, we entered into a Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as sales
agent (the “Sales Agent”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell through or to the Sales Agent shares of our Common Stock
(the “ATM Program”). During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we issued an aggregate of 21,398,765 shares of Common
Stock and received gross proceeds of an aggregate of approximately $27.8 million under our ATM Program. Any Shares offered and sold in
the ATM Program were issued pursuant to our universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”)
of which $9,671,869 remains available under our Shelf Registration Statement. The ATM Program will terminate upon (a) the election of
the Agent upon the occurrence of certain adverse events, (b) 10 days’ advance notice from one party to the other, or (c) the sale
of the balance available under our Shelf Registration Statement. Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Sales Agent is entitled
to a commission at a fixed rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares under the Sales Agreement.
Other
Financings
We
enter into short term financing arrangements for the payment of our annual insurance premiums for our products liability insurance and
directors and officers and employment practices insurance.
Products
Liability Insurance
The
product liability insurance policy has been renewed in subsequent periods without premium financing.
Directors’
and Officers’ Insurance
On
July 24, 2021, we entered into a short-term note payable for $600,169 bearing interest at 5.34% to finance a portion of the directors’
and officers’ liability insurance and employment practices liability insurance premiums. Principal and interest payments on this
note began August 24, 2021 and are made evenly based on a straight-line amortization over a 10-month period with the final payment being
made on May 16, 2022.
On
July 24, 2020, we entered into a short-term note payable for $413,784 bearing interest at 5.39% to finance a portion of the directors’
and officers’ liability insurance and employment practices liability insurance premiums. Principal and interest payments on this
note began August 24, 2020 and were made evenly based on a straight-line amortization over an 11-month period with the final payment
being made on June 28, 2021.
Our
Outstanding Preferred Stock
During
2017, we issued shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock in financing transactions (the “Preferred Stock Financings”).
In connection with the Preferred Stock Financings, we filed Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series
A and Series B Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Florida, effective May 10, 2017 and November 8, 2017, respectively.
Our currently outstanding Series A and Series B Preferred Stock and the amount of common stock that may be issued upon conversion is
set forth below:
Preferred Stock Series | |
Outstanding
Shares | | |
Common Stock Equivalents | |
Series A Preferred | |
| 9,417,000 | | |
| 941,701 | |
Series B Preferred | |
| 6,600,000 | | |
| 1,320,002 | |
In
addition, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of (i) 1,064,520 shares of Common Stock to the Series A holders, and (ii) 1,064,518
shares of Common Stock to the Series B holders in connection with the Preferred Stock Financings.
Except
as otherwise required by law, the Series A and Series B Preferred Stock have no voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series
A and Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, we shall not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding
shares of the Series A and Series B Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series
A or Series B Preferred Stock or alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (b) amend its articles of incorporation or other charter
documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock, (c) increase the number
of authorized shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock, or (d) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up by us, whether voluntary or involuntary that is not a Fundamental Transaction (as defined
in the Certificate of Designations), the holders of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive out of the assets,
the greater of (i) the product of the number of shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock then held by such holder, multiplied
by the Original Issue Price; and (ii) the amount that would be payable to such holder in the Liquidation (as defined in the Certificate
of Designations) in respect of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of such shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock if all outstanding
shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock were converted into Common Stock immediately prior to the Liquidation. The Series A and
Series B Preferred Stock is classified as permanent equity. Each of the Series A and Series B Preferred Stock have redemption rights
to the extent we have funds legally available therefor, at any time after the fifth anniversary of the original issue date of the applicable
Series A and Series B Preferred Stock. We have the right to redeem all or any portion of the outstanding shares of Series A and Series
B Preferred Stock at the original issue price by providing at least seventy five (75) days written notice of such redemption to all holders
of the then outstanding shares of Series A and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.
Future
Capital Requirements
Our
capital requirements for 2022 will depend on numerous factors, including the success of our commercialization efforts and of our research
and development, the resources we devote to develop and support our technologies and our success in pursuing strategic licensing and
funded product development relationships with external partners. Subject to our ability to raise additional capital including through
possible joint ventures and/or partnerships, we expect to incur substantial expenditures to further commercialize or develop our technologies
including continued increases in costs related to research, nonclinical testing and clinical trials, as well as costs associated with
our capital raising efforts and being a public company. We will require substantial funds to conduct research and development and nonclinical
and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical testing of our licensed, patented technologies and to develop sublicensing relationships for the Phase
2 and 3 clinical testing and manufacture and marketing of any products that are approved for commercial sale. Our plans include seeking
both equity and debt financing, alliances or other partnership agreements with entities interested in our technologies, or other business
transactions that would generate sufficient resources to ensure continuation of our operations and research and development programs.
Our
current available cash and cash equivalents, provide us with limited liquidity. We believe our existing cash and cash will allow us to
fund our operating plan through the fourth quarter of 2022. We expect to continue to seek additional funding for our operations. Any
such required additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we were unable to obtain additional financing,
we may be required to reduce the scope of, delay or eliminate some or all of our planned clinical testing, research and development and
commercialization activities, which could harm our business. The sale of additional equity or debt securities may result in additional
dilution to our shareholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock, these securities
could have rights senior to those of our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We also will require
additional capital beyond our currently forecasted amounts.
For
example, as we seek to move forward with the development of NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate and our other product candidates, we will require
additional capital. In addition, we continue to pursue other COVID-19 research and development funding opportunities through governmental
and nongovernmental sources, as well as potential research collaboration arrangements with academic institutions and other commercial
partners. Our ability to advance the development of our NT-CoV2-1 vaccine candidate at our currently anticipated pace, in accordance
with our License agreements, is dependent upon our ability to secure additional capital resources through these funding opportunities
or an alternative capital raise, such as an equity or debt financing or other strategic business collaboration. Moreover, the global
impact of COVID-19 could further impact our need for additional capital if we experience delays in our anticipated timelines or achievement
milestones.
Because
of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and clinical testing of our product candidates, we are
unable to estimate the exact amounts of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors,
including, but not limited to:
|
● |
conducting preclinical
research for our NT-CoV2-1vaccine product candidate, filing an IND with the FDA and, if approved, engage in Phase 1 clinical trials; |
|
|
|
|
● |
our ability to partner
or collaborate with third parties; |
|
|
|
|
● |
identifying and securing
clinical sites for the conduct of human trials for our product candidates; |
|
|
|
|
● |
the number and characteristics
of the product candidates we pursue; |
|
|
|
|
● |
the scope, progress, results
and costs of researching and developing our product candidates, and conducting nonclinical and clinical trials; |
|
|
|
|
● |
the timing of, and the
costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for our product candidates; |
|
|
|
|
● |
our ability to maintain
current research and development licensing agreements and to establish new strategic partnerships, licensing or other arrangements
and the financial terms of such agreements; |
|
|
|
|
● |
our ability to advance
our lantibiotic development or achieve milestones under our License Agreements and the payment obligations we may have; |
|
|
|
|
● |
the costs involved in preparing,
filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation;
and |
|
|
|
|
● |
the timing, receipt and
amounts of sales of, or royalties on, our products and future products, if any. |
We
have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. We may need to obtain additional funds sooner or in greater amounts
than we currently anticipate. Potential sources of financing include strategic relationships, grants, public or private sales of our
shares or debt and other sources. We may seek to access the public or private equity markets when conditions are favorable due to our
long-term capital requirements. We do not have any committed sources of financing at this time, and it is uncertain whether additional
funding will be available when we need it on terms that will be acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise funds by selling additional
shares of common stock or other securities convertible into common stock, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be
diluted. If we are not able to obtain financing when needed, we may be unable to carry out our business plan. As a result, we may have
to significantly limit our operations and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially harmed.
Critical
Accounting Estimates and Policies
Our
discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which
have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with US GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect
reported amounts and related disclosures. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if it requires assumptions to be made that
were uncertain at the time the estimate was made; and changes in the estimate or different estimates that could have been made could
have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition. The principal area of estimation reflected in the consolidated
financial statements is stock-based compensation. For a detailed discussion of our critical accounting estimates, see our Annual Report
on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates during the
three and six months ended June 30, 2022.
Recently
Issued Accounting Pronouncements
There
are no accounting pronouncements issued or effective during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 that have had or are expected
to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM
3. |
QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |
Oragenics,
Inc. is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and is not required to provide
the information required under this item.
ITEM
4. |
CONTROLS
AND PROCEDURES |
Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management’s
evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)
of the Securities Exchange Act was performed under the supervision and participation of our senior management, including our Principal
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The purpose of disclosure controls and procedures is to ensure that information required
to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time
periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including
our Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Based upon that
evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure
controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2022 in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that
we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported with the time periods specified in the Securities
and exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
Changes
in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
Our
management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has concluded there were no significant
changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected,
or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations
on the Effectiveness of Controls
Our
management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls and internal
controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable,
not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact
that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent
limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of
fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making
can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the
individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management or board override of the control.
The
design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can
be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls
may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.