BVAXF Biovaxys Technology Corporation (QB)

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the factors described below, together with all other information included in this annual report, including our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. We may face additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of the ADSs could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Summary of Risk Factors The following is a summary of some of the principal risks we face. The list below is not exhaustive, and investors should read this “Risk factors” section in full.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We are a developmental stage biopharmaceutical company with a history of operating losses, with no product candidate that generates revenue and as such we are not currently profitable, do not expect to become profitable in the near future, may never become profitable and as a result may ultimately need to wind up our business and operation.

We are a development stage biopharmaceutical company and currently do not have, and may never have, any product candidate(s) that generate revenues. Investment in pharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate(s) will fail to demonstrate adequate efficacy or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable.

We are not profitable and have incurred losses since inception, principally as a result of research and development, clinical trials, construction of our GMP biologics manufacturing facility, and general administrative expenses in support of our operations. We have not generated any revenue, expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $117.3 million, and we expect to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future. As a result, we will ultimately need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve and maintain profitability. We may never be able to generate revenues or achieve profitability in the future, and we expect to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability, or substantial delays in achieving profitability, could negatively impact the value of the securities and our ability to raise additional financing. A substantial decline in the value of the securities would also affect the price at which we could sell them to secure future funding, which could dilute the ownership interest of current shareholders. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Accordingly, it is difficult to evaluate our business prospects. Moreover, our prospects must be considered in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by an early-stage company in highly regulated and competitive markets, such as the biopharmaceutical market, where regulatory approval and market acceptance of our product candidate(s) are uncertain. There can be no assurance that our efforts will ultimately be successful or result in revenues or profits.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $17.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, working capital of $15.4 million and an accumulated deficit of $117.3 million. We expect that our existing capital resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, this estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Our ability to execute on our business plan is dependent upon our ability to raise capital through private or public financings, or enter into a commercial agreement, among others. Since our inception, most of our resources have been dedicated to product development. In the future, we believe that we will expend significant operating and capital expenditures to acquire additional product candidates, develop and, subject to results of any future clinical trials, apply for regulatory approval of current and future product candidates, if any. These expenditures may include, but are not limited to, costs associated with research and development, manufacturing, conducting clinical trials, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, hiring additional management and other personnel, applying for regulatory approvals, acquisition of equipment, as well as commercializing any product candidates approved for sale. Furthermore, we incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company traded on Nasdaq in the United States. We cannot precisely estimate the actual amounts necessary to acquire additional product candidates and successfully complete the development and commercialization of product candidates. As a result of these and other factors currently unknown to us, we will require additional funds, through public or private equity or debt financings or non-dilutive sources or other sources, that may not be available to us or, if available, may not be on terms favorable to us. A failure to fund these activities may significantly harm our growth strategy, competitive position, quality compliance, financial condition and is expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate the potential acquisition of other product candidates, preclinical studies, clinical trials or other research and development activities for current and future product candidates or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales and marketing capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize such product candidate(s).

Our business strategy is evolving.

In the past, BiondVax was a one product company, solely focused on developing the M-001 universal influenza vaccine. Going forward, the Company intends to implement a strategy that will build a diversified pipeline of assets along several axes, as follows:

We cannot offer any assurance that our new strategy will be successful. Further, our NanoAbs program is at a much earlier stage of clinical development than M-001, the product candidate on which we were primarily focused before this strategic change. If we are unable to successfully execute our new strategy, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Certain breaches of our 24 million Euro finance documentation with the European Investment Bank, or EIB, may result in EIB accelerating the loans thereunder and exercising secured creditor remedies over collateral securing those loans, and that collateral consists of substantially all of our assets. The exercise of such remedies may have a material adverse effect on our company. We do not have control over certain events that constitute a breach of this finance documentation.

We borrowed 24 million Euro under a finance contract (the “Finance Contract”) with the EIB, to finance a portion of the cost of developing our previous leading drug candidate M-001 (Universal Influenza Vaccine drug candidate) and our GMP biologics manufacturing facility.

As part of the Finance Contract, we also entered into a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”), whereby we created a first ranking floating charge in favor of EIB over substantially all of our assets (other than certain licensed intellectual property related to our former M-001 program). While intellectual property rights are excluded from the floating charge pledge, certain breaches of the Finance Contract or the Security Agreement may cause the EIB to exercise secured creditor remedies under the floating charge pledge and foreclose on certain of our assets at the time of such exercise.

Under the Finance Contract we are not allowed to make any senior management changes without the consent of the EIB. We will be required to obtain consents from the EIB in the future if any senior management change is expected to occur and in such an event, the EIB’s consent is not guaranteed. In addition, we may not be able to anticipate a future change to our senior management and in such an event, we may not be able to obtain the consent of the EIB ahead of such an event. If we are not able to receive the EIB’s consent before such change in our senior management or we decide to change our senior management without first obtaining the consent of the EIB, which we may be forced to do or may elect to do in order to address business concerns, the EIB may accelerate all loans extended to us under the Finance Contract, and exercise secured creditor remedies against the collateral securing those loans. In such an event we may not be able to continue our business and operations as a going concern.

Furthermore, under the Finance Contract, the EIB may accelerate all loans extended thereunder if an event of default has occurred, which includes, amongst other things, an event of default arising from the occurrence of a material adverse change, defined as any event or change of condition, which in the opinion of the EIB, has a material adverse effect on: our ability to perform our obligations under the Finance Documents; our business, operations, property, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects; or the rights or remedies of the EIB under the Finance Contract, amongst other things. If the EIB determines that an event of default has occurred, it could accelerate the amounts outstanding under the Finance Contract, making those amounts immediately due and payable. On January 26, 2021, the EIB notified us that they welcome our efforts to secure future equity financing in an amount not less than USD 2 million in order to enable us to pursue new business opportunities, strengthen our balance sheet and invest in growth. Thus, within that context, the EIB wrote in their letter that they will not consider the failure of our pivotal phase 3 trial for M-001 to meet the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints as a trigger for prepayment of a loan extended under the Finance Contract. In addition, the EIB has indicated that it supports our new strategic turnaround plan.

However, the EIB cautioned us that their January 2021 letter is not a consent, agreement, amendment or waiver in respect of the terms of the Finance Contract, reserving any other right or remedy the EIB may have now or subsequently. There is no guarantee that the decision by the EIB in their letter will not change at any time and without any notice or that the EIB will not determine that an event of default has occurred under the Finance Contract, which could result in all loans extended under the Finance Contract being accelerated and secured creditor remedies being exercised. If some or all of the loans under the Finance Contract are accelerated by the EIB, or secured creditor remedies are exercised, we expect such events to adversely impact our ability to continue as a going concern.

As disclosed on our press release dated March 14, 2022, the Company and EIB have reached a commercial agreement, which is still subject to EIB’s formal approval of the new terms, regarding restructuring of the Finance Contract. However, until definitive documentation is signed, there can be no assurance that the Company will successfully complete this renegotiation.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidate(s).

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of existing shareholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect shareholder rights. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring future indebtedness, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships, alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or any product candidate(s) or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate any product development or commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidate(s) that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Risks Related to Development, Clinical Testing and Regulatory Approval of NanoAbs and Any Other Current and Future Product Candidate(s)

We have not yet commercialized any product candidate(s), and we may never become profitable.

We have recently entered into a licensing and collaboration arrangement with MPG and University Medical Center Göttingen (“UMG”) and launched our Covid-19 NanoAbs program. We have no product candidates in clinical trials or on the market or other product candidates in the pipeline. Even if we are successful in developing current or future product candidates, we will not be successful unless we complete our product development efforts, obtain regulatory approval and such product candidate(s) gain(s) market acceptance for appropriate indications at favorable reimbursement rates. The degree of market acceptance of these product candidate(s) will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

Physicians, participants, third-party payors or the medical community in general may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend, and in the case of third-party payors, cover payment for current and future product candidates. As a result, we are unable to predict the extent of our future losses or the time required for us to achieve profitability, if at all. Even if we successfully develop one or more products, we may not become profitable.

In addition, we have limited marketing capabilities, and if we are unable to enter into collaborations with marketing partners or develop our own sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be successful in commercializing current and future product candidates. If we are unable to reach and maintain agreements with one or more pharmaceutical companies or partners, we may be required to market our product candidate(s) directly. Developing a marketing and sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay a product launch. We may not be able to attract and retain qualified sales personnel or otherwise develop this capability.

NanoAbs represent a relatively new approach to treating diseases, and we must overcome significant challenges in order to successfully develop, commercialize and manufacture product candidates based on this technology.

We are currently concentrating our development efforts on the Covid-19 NanoAbs and additional NanoAbs contemplated by our collaboration with MPG and UMG. The processes and requirements imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) or other applicable health authorities may cause delays and additional costs in obtaining approvals for marketing authorization for our products. Because our platform is relatively new and only one drug developed by a competing company and related to rare blood diseases has been approved to date in the market, regulatory agencies, as well as insurance and other coverage providers and payers, may lack experience in evaluating our product candidates. This inexperience may lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent reimbursement and commercialization of our platform products. Additionally, advancing this novel platform creates significant challenges for us, and we must be able to overcome these challenges in order to successfully develop, commercialize and manufacture our product candidates.

In light of our current resources and limited commercial experience, we have and may need to continue to establish third-party relationships to successfully commercialize our pipeline candidates.

Our long-term commercial viability may depend, in part, on our ability to successfully execute current strategic collaborations and establish new strategic collaborations with contract commercial organizations, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, non-profit organizations, and government agencies. Establishing and maintaining strategic collaborations and obtaining government funding is difficult and time-consuming. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position or based on their internal pipeline or available resources; government agencies may reject contract or grant applications based on their assessment of public need, the public interest, the ability of our products to address these areas, or other reasons beyond our expectations or control. If we fail to establish or maintain collaborations necessary for successful commercialization on acceptable terms, we may not be able to commercialize product candidates or generate sufficient revenue to fund further research and development efforts.

New or existing collaborations, including our collaboration with MPG and UMG, may never result in the successful development or commercialization of any pipeline candidates for several reasons, including the fact that:

If we or our collaborators fail to maintain our existing agreements or in the event we fail to establish agreements as necessary, we could be required to undertake research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization activities solely at our own expense. These activities would significantly increase our capital requirements and, given our lack of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, significantly delay the commercialization of our pipeline candidates.

Development of sufficient and appropriate clinical protocols to demonstrate safety and efficacy are required, and we may not adequately develop such protocols to support approval.

In addition to FDA requirements and those of other regulatory authorities, an independent institutional review board or an independent ethics committee at each medical institution proposing to participate in the conduct of the clinical trial generally must review and approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent form before commencement of the study at the respective medical institution. The institutional review boards approve the clinical trial protocols and conduct periodic reviews of the clinical trials. The clinical trial protocols describe the type of people who may participate in the clinical trial, the schedule of tests and procedures, the medications and dosages to be studied, the length of the study, the study’s objectives, and other details. In general, the institutional review board will consider, among other matters, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects and the possibility of liability of the institution conducting the trial. Our pre-clinical studies may not be adequate proof of safety and efficacy, and as a result, we may not be successful in developing clinical trial protocols necessary to support institutional review board approval. Any delay or failure to obtain institutional review board approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site could materially impact the costs, timing, or successful completion of a clinical trial.

Current and future product candidates would be subject to extensive regulation and may never obtain regulatory approval.

The clinical development, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, import, export, marketing and distribution of our product candidate(s) are subject to extensive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) in the United States (the “U.S.”) as detailed in Title 21 of the U.S. Code or elsewhere and by comparable authorities in foreign markets. In the U.S., we are not permitted to market our product candidate(s) until we receive regulatory approval from the FDA. The process of obtaining regulatory approval is expensive, often takes many years and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate(s) involved, as well as the target indications and patient population. Current and future product candidates must satisfy rigorous standards of safety and efficacy before product candidates can be approved for commercial use by the European Medicines Agency (the “EMA”) in the European Union (the “EU”) or the FDA in the U.S., or any other regulatory authorities for all or any of the indications for which product candidates are intended to be used. The EMA, FDA and any other regulatory authorities have substantial discretion over the approval process, and approval is never guaranteed. We may need to conduct significant additional research before we can file applications for product approval. Typically, in the pharmaceutical industry, there is a high rate of attrition for product candidates in clinical trials. Success in early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. For example, a number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier trials.

The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities can delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate(s) for many reasons, including:

In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon additional government regulation, including any changes in legislation or policy of the EMA, FDA or any other regulatory policy, during the process of product development, clinical trials and regulatory reviews. Approval procedures vary among countries, and may involve additional product testing, administrative review periods and agreements with pricing authorities. In addition, events raising questions about the safety of certain marketed pharmaceuticals may result in increased cautiousness by the EMA, FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in reviewing new pharmaceutical products based on safety, efficacy or other regulatory considerations and may result in significant delays in obtaining regulatory approvals. Failure to obtain EMA, FDA or any other regulatory approval for current and future product candidates in a timely manner or at all will severely undermine our business by delaying or halting commercialization of our products, imposing costly procedures, diminishing competitive advantages and reducing the number of saleable products and, therefore, corresponding product revenues.

Current and future product candidates will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements even if we receive regulatory approval to market such product candidate(s), and if we fail to comply with such requirements, we could lose those approvals that have been obtained, and the sales of any approved commercial products could be suspended.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market current and future product candidates, such product candidate(s) will remain subject to extensive regulatory requirements, including requirements relating to manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, distribution and record keeping. Even if regulatory approval of any product candidate(s) is granted, approval may be subject to limitations on the uses for which the product candidate(s) may be marketed or the conditions of approval, or may contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product candidate(s), which could negatively impact us or our collaboration partners by reducing revenues or increasing expenses, and cause the approved product candidate(s) not to be commercially viable. In addition, as clinical experience with a drug expands after approval, typically because it is used by a greater number and more diverse group of people after approval than during clinical trials, side effects and other problems may be observed over time after approval that were not seen or anticipated during pre-approval clinical trials or other studies. Any adverse effects observed after the approval and marketing of a product candidate(s) could result in limitations on the use of, withdrawal of EMA, FDA or any other regulatory approval or withdrawal of any approved product candidate(s) from the marketplace. Absence of long-term safety data may also limit the approved uses of our product candidate(s), if any. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements of the EMA, FDA and any other applicable regulatory authorities, or previously unknown problems with any approved commercial product candidate(s), manufacturers or manufacturing processes are discovered, we could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions or other setbacks, including, without limitation, the following:

If we or our partners, if any, are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, marketing approval for our product candidate(s) may be lost or cease to be achievable, resulting in decreased revenue from milestones, product sales or royalties, or otherwise, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Current and future product candidates, if approved, may face competition sooner than anticipated.

Our product candidates may face serious competition from other products targeting the same disease or condition, including biosimilar products. In the U.S., current and future product candidates may be regulated by the FDA as biologic products and we may seek approval for such product candidate(s) pursuant to the biologics license application, or BLA, pathway. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, amended the Public Health Service Act (the “PHSA”) and created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until twelve years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this twelve-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of its product. This twelve-year period of exclusivity does not pre-empt and is independent of any patent protection afforded to current and future product candidates. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. Any processes adopted by the FDA to implement the BPCIA could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products, if any.

Although we believe that current and future product candidates should qualify for the twelve-year period of exclusivity described above if product candidates are approved as biological products under a BLA, we may not be granted such exclusivity. Further, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to Congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider current and future product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic or biosimilar competition sooner than anticipated. Other aspects of the BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also been the subject of recent litigation. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar product, once approved, could be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing. In addition, a competitor could decide to forego the biosimilar approval path and submit a full BLA after completing its own preclinical studies and clinical trials. In such cases, any exclusivity to which we may be eligible under the BPCIA would not prevent the competitor from marketing its product as soon as it is approved.

If the results of any future clinical trials show that current and future product candidates are effective based on certain endpoints but nevertheless fail to achieve all the primary/secondary endpoint(s) requiring us to conduct additional clinical trials, or if clinical trials that we conduct for such products in the future are prolonged or delayed, we would be unable to commercialize current and future product candidates on a timely basis, which would require us to incur additional costs and delay our receipt of any revenues from potential sales of such product candidate(s).

If we fail to achieve all the primary/secondary endpoints, then we may be required by the FDA or any other regulatory authority to conduct additional clinical studies. We cannot predict whether we will encounter problems with any such clinical trials that will cause us or any regulatory authority to delay or suspend those clinical trials or delay the analysis of data derived from them. A number of events, including any of the following, could delay the completion of any such additional clinical trials and negatively impact our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and to market and sell, a particular product candidate(s):

Clinical trials require sufficient participant enrollment, which is a function of many factors, including the size of the participant population, the nature of the trial protocol, the proximity of participants to clinical sites, the availability of effective treatments for the relevant disease and the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial. Delays in participant enrollment can result in increased costs and longer development times. The failure to enroll participants in a clinical trial could delay the completion of the clinical trial beyond our current expectations. In addition, the FDA or foreign applicable regulatory authorities could require us to conduct clinical trials with a larger number of subjects than we have prior experience with. We may not be able to enroll a sufficient number of participants in a timely or cost-effective manner. Furthermore, enrolled participants may drop out of clinical trials, which could impair the validity or statistical significance of those clinical trials.

Prior to commencing clinical trials in the U.S., we must submit an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application to the FDA and the IND application must become effective.

Delays in any clinical trials the FDA or EMA may require us to conduct will result in increased development costs for current and future product candidates. In addition, if any such clinical trials are delayed, our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do and the commercial viability of current and future product candidates could be limited.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement, and, as a result, we may suffer delays or suspensions in future trials which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues.

Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. Regulatory authorities, such as the EMA and FDA, may preclude clinical trials from proceeding. Additionally, the clinical trial process is time-consuming, failure can occur at any stage of the trials and we may encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

In addition, we or regulatory authorities may suspend or terminate our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks, if the regulatory authorities find deficiencies in our regulatory submissions or the conduct of these trials, if inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by a regulatory authority results in the imposition of a clinical hold, or if there is a failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the product candidate(s), or changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. Any suspension of clinical trials will delay possible regulatory approval, if any, and adversely impact our ability to develop product candidate(s) and generate revenue.

We may in the future conduct clinical trials of current and future product candidates at sites outside the U.S., and the FDA may not accept data from trials conducted in foreign locations.

We may in the future conduct clinical trials of current and future product candidates outside of the U.S. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the U.S., acceptance of this data is subject to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, under 21 Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”) 312.20, the clinical trial must be well designed and conducted in accordance with good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements, and the FDA must be able to validate the clinical trial data through an on-site inspection, if necessary, among other things. If a marketing application is based solely on foreign clinical data, the FDA can require such data to be applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice, and for the clinical trials to have been performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence. There can be no assurance the FDA will accept data from trials conducted outside of the U.S. If the FDA does not accept the data from any clinical trials that may be conducted outside of the U.S. of current and future product candidates, it would likely result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of the product candidate(s).

Positive results from earlier preclinical data and clinical trials may not be predictive of the results in later clinical trials of current and future product candidates, and the results of our clinical trials may not be replicated in additional clinical trials that we may be required to conduct, which could result in development delays or a failure to obtain marketing approval.

Positive results from previous clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later clinical trials of current and future product candidates, and any early clinical trials may not be predictive of results in later clinical trials that we may conduct. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in early-stage development. Accordingly, the results from preclinical studies and clinical trials for current and future product candidates may not be predictive of the results we may obtain in later stage trials.

Specifically, the NanoAbs being developed by UMG and MPG have demonstrated strong neutralization at very low concentrations of major Variants of Concern (“VoCs”) of COVID-19 (including Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta) only in in-vitro studies, and the Company’s expectation that these NanoAbs can neutralize Omicron (a VoC as of the date of this annual report) is currently based only upon on in-silico studies. These studies are not a guarantee of success in future clinical trials, nor can the Company guarantee that the NanoAbs will neutralize any potential future VoCs. Furthermore, even if animal studies are able to demonstrate the potential safety and efficacy of our product candidates, there can be no guarantee that such results will be reproducible in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Our clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain FDA or European Medicines Agency, or other applicable regulatory agency, approval for their product candidates.

We may be unsuccessful in adapting our Covid-19 NanoAbs to protect against variants of COVID-19. Furthermore, our ability to commercialize our Covid-19 NanoAbs may be adversely affected to the extent that the coronavirus disease evolves worldwide.

As the pandemic has continued, the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve, and new strains of the virus or those that are already in circulation may prove more transmissible or cause more severe forms of COVID-19 disease than the predominant strains to date. There is a risk that our Covid-19 NanoAbs will not be effective in protecting against variant strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that we will develop Covid-19 NanoAbs for a variant that will not have a sufficient number of participants for a clinical trial.

Furthermore, there are a number of preventative vaccines in development and others that have already been approved and widely distributed. If the COVID-19 pandemic subsides or the COVID-19 disease does not evolve into a seasonally recurrent disease, it may reduce demand for our Covid-19 NanoAbs.

We have limited experience with the development of inhalation-administered therapies.

We intend to develop our Covid-19 NanoAbs to be administered by inhalation, targeting the virus directly in the lungs and airways. Although our team has significant experience with designing and conducting clinical trials, we have never developed or commercialized an inhalation-administered therapy. Even if our Covid-19 NanoAbs are effective against COVID-19, we are subject to development risks associated with this route of administration.

If we experience delays in the enrollment of participants in any future clinical trials we may conduct, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate clinical trials for current and future product candidates. Participant enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the population eligible to participate, the proximity of potential participants to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and participants’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. If we fail to enroll and maintain the number of participants for which the clinical trial was designed, the statistical power of that clinical trial may be reduced, which would make it harder to demonstrate that the product candidate being tested in such clinical trial is safe and effective. Additionally, enrollment delays in any clinical trials may result in increased development costs for current and future product candidates, which could materially harm our financial condition and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of participants for any clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether.

The occurrence of serious complications or side effects in connection with current and future product candidates, either in future clinical trials we may conduct or post-approval, could impede such future clinical trials, if any, and lead to refusal of regulatory authorities to approve our product candidate(s) or, post-approval, revocation of marketing authorizations or refusal to approve new indications, which could severely harm our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

In any future clinical trials of current and future product candidates that we may conduct, or following regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events may be reported by subjects. In addition, side effects are sometimes only detectable after they are made available to patients on a commercial scale after approval. Results of any future clinical trials we may undertake for current and future product candidates could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of such side effects. In such an event, any clinical trials we may conduct could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of current and future product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment for any clinical trials we may conduct or the ability of enrolled participants to complete such trials or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

In addition, if current and future product candidates receive marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product candidate(s), a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of current and future product candidates, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

If we are not successful in discovering, developing and commercializing current and future product candidates, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives may be impaired.

Research programs designed to identify current and future product candidates may require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not such efforts are successful. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying current and future product candidates, yet fail to lead to clinical development or commercialization for many reasons, including the following:

If we are unable to identify suitable compounds for preclinical and clinical development, we may not be able to obtain sufficient product revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact the price of the ADSs.

Natural disasters, public health and other states of emergency, such as the COVID-19 outbreak, could adversely impact our business, including identifying current and future product candidates.

Natural disasters, public health and other states of emergency affecting the countries in which we operate, or the global economic markets may have an adverse impact on our business. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the evolving actions to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, among others. Quarantines, travel restrictions, shelter-in-place, nationalization efforts or similar government orders, such as lockdowns approved by the Israeli government, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations could occur, related to COVID-19 or other infectious diseases could have an indeterminate impact on our operations. Our suppliers or partners could also be disrupted by conditions related to COVID-19, possibly resulting in disruption to our supply chain, collaborations or operations. If our suppliers, or other potential partners such as CMOs or contract research organizations (CROs) are unable or fail to fulfill their obligations to us for any reason, our ability to meet clinical and commercial supply demand for current and future product candidates may become impaired.

The spread of COVID-19 and actions taken to reduce its spread may also materially affect us economically. While the potential economic impact brought by, and during the duration of, COVID-19 may be difficult to assess or predict, there could be a significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity and financial position. COVID-19 and actions taken to reduce its spread continue to rapidly evolve.

Also, as governments and regulators focus on containing the COVID-19 virus outbreak, and prioritize their work and resources accordingly, there is no guarantee that interruptions or delays in the operations of the FDA or other regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions will not impact the review and approval timelines for the marketing applications we may submit for current and future product candidates. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns continue to prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

There is significant uncertainty relating to the ongoing effect of COVID-19 and global efforts to contain its spread on our business. While we maintain business continuity plans, they might not adequately protect us, and travel restrictions and other restrictions may remain or worsen. The extent to which COVID-19 negatively impacts our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted.

Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns like the COVID-19 pandemic could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified product candidate(s) from being developed, or approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA, EMA and other regulatory agencies to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s and EMA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, global health concerns like the COVID-19 pandemic and other events that may otherwise affect the ability of any regulatory agency such as the FDA and EMA to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA and EMA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the FDA, EMA and other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA or other agencies may slow the time necessary for our product candidate(s) to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, including for 35 days beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities.

Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for current and future product candidates (if and when approved for commercial sale), which could make it difficult for us to sell such product candidates profitably.

Market acceptance and sales of current and future product candidates will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for current and future product candidates we may develop. Even if coverage is provided, we cannot be sure that the amount of reimbursement available, if any, will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our product candidate(s). If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully compete through sales of our proposed product candidate(s).

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products exists among third-party payors. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products can differ significantly from payor to payor. Certain Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act marketplace and other private payor plans are required to include coverage for certain preventative services, including vaccinations recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s, or CDC’s, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP, without cost share obligations (i.e., co-payments, deductibles or co-insurance) for plan members. For Medicare beneficiaries, vaccines may be covered for reimbursement under either the Part B program or Part D depending on several criteria, including the type of vaccine and the beneficiary’s coverage eligibility. If our vaccine candidate(s), once approved, is reimbursed only under the Part D program, physicians may be less willing to use our product candidate(s) because of the claims adjudication costs and time related to the claims adjudication process and collection of co-payments associated with the Part D program.

Outside the United States, certain countries, including a number of member states of the European Union, set prices and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products, with limited participation from the marketing authorization holders. We cannot be sure that such prices and reimbursement will be acceptable to us or our partners, if any. If the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions set prices or reimbursement levels that are not commercially attractive for us, our revenues from sales by us, and the potential profitability of our product candidate(s), in those countries would be negatively affected. Additionally, some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate(s) in a particular country, but then may experience delays in the reimbursement approval of our product candidate(s) or be subject to price regulations that would delay our commercial launch of the product candidate(s), possibly for lengthy time periods, which could negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product candidate(s) in that particular country.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us and our partners, if any, to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize current and future product candidates and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures that may reduce or limit coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs and affect our ability to profitably sell current and future product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare.

For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, was enacted in the United States. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of importance to our potential product candidate(s), the Affordable Care Act: established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; expands eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; increased the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program; required certain Affordable Care Act marketplace and other private payor plans to include coverage for preventative services, including vaccinations recommended by the ACIP without cost share obligations (i.e., co-payments, deductibles or co-insurance) for plan members; established a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; and established a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial and congressional challenges to numerous aspects of the Affordable Care Act. By way of example, the 2017 Tax Reform Act included a provision repealing the individual mandate, effective January 1, 2019. On December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court judge in the Northern District of Texas ruled that the individual mandate portion of the Affordable Care Act is an essential and inseverable feature of the Affordable Care Act, and therefore because the mandate was repealed, the remaining provisions of the Affordable Care Act are invalid as well. On December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional, but remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the Affordable Care Act are invalid as well. On March 2, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review the case. On November 10, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments regarding the constitutionality of the individual mandate. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the states that initially challenged the individual mandate did not have standing to sue. The U.S. Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of the individual mandate. In addition, there may be other efforts to challenge, repeal or replace the Affordable Care Act. We are continuing to monitor any changes to the Affordable Care Act that, in turn, may potentially impact our business in the future.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011 and subsequent laws, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect through 2030, unless additional congressional action is taken. In addition, in January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. New laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which may materially adversely affect customer demand and affordability for our product candidates, if approved, and, accordingly, the results of our financial operations. We cannot predict whether future healthcare legislative or policy changes will be implemented at the federal or state level or in countries outside of the United States in which we may do business, or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on us, but we expect there will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of health care.

We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation.

Any current and future product candidate(s) we may develop will be, subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation, including with respect to Europe, regulation by the EMA and other relevant regional, national and local authorities, with respect to Israel, regulation by the Israeli Ministry of Health, and with respect to the U.S., regulation by the FDA, the CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including its Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs and, to the extent our product candidate(s) are paid for directly or indirectly by those departments, state and local governments and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, and import and export of pharmaceutical products under various regulatory provisions. Current and future product candidates we may develop, which will be tested and marketed abroad, will be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not we have obtained EMA, the Israeli Ministry of Health’s approval and/or FDA approval. Such foreign regulation may be equally or more demanding than corresponding European, Israeli or U.S. regulation.

Government regulation substantially increases the cost and risk of researching, developing, manufacturing, and selling products. Our failure to comply with these regulations could result in, by way of example, significant fines, criminal and civil liability, product seizures, recalls, withdrawals, withdrawals of approvals, and exclusion and debarment from government programs. Any of these actions, including the inability of current and future product candidates to obtain and maintain regulatory approval, would have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our relationships with customers, third-party payors, physicians and healthcare providers will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, and other laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, and diminished profits.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of current and future product candidates. Our current and future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct research and would market, sell and distribute our product candidate(s). As a biopharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties, and our business generally, continue to comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with any such laws and regulations. If our operations, including any arrangements with physicians and other healthcare providers, are found to be in violation of any such laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, reputational harm, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, additional reporting requirements, and/or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws. If we enter into business with any physicians or other healthcare providers or entities who are then found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to similar penalties.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or unanticipated events may occur during any future clinical trials we may conduct, which may result in necessary changes to clinical trial protocols, which could result in increased costs to us, delay our development timeline or reduce the likelihood of successful completion of such clinical trials.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance or unanticipated events may occur during any clinical trials we may conduct may occur, as a result of which we may need to amend clinical trial protocols. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for review and approval, which may adversely affect the cost, timing and successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion of, or if we terminate, any future clinical trials we may conduct, the commercial prospects for current and future product candidates would be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue would be delayed, possibly materially.

If we acquire or license additional technologies or product candidate(s), we may incur a number of additional costs, have integration difficulties and/or experience other risks that could harm our business and results of operations.

We may acquire and in-license current and future product candidate(s) and technologies. Any current and future product candidate(s) or technologies we in-license or acquire will likely require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive preclinical or clinical testing, or both, and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities, if any. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure inherent in pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that the product candidate(s) or product candidate(s) developed based on in-licensed technology will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot assure you that any current and future product candidate(s) that we develop based on acquired or licensed technology that is granted regulatory approval will be manufactured or produced economically, successfully commercialized or widely accepted or competitive in the marketplace. Moreover, integrating any newly acquired or in-licensed product candidate(s) could be expensive and time-consuming. If we cannot effectively manage these aspects of our business strategy, our business may not succeed.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

The members of our management team and certain consultants are important to the efficient and effective operation of our business, and we may need to attract and retain additional management and experts. Our limited financial resources may make us less successful at retaining our management and consulting team and adding additional leading experts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our executive officers, management team and technical personnel, as well as certain consultants, are important to the efficient and effective operation of our business, particularly Mr. Amir Reichman, our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Tamar Ben-Yedidia, our Chief Scientific Officer, and Mr. Elad Mark, our Chief Operating Officer. The early stage of our NanoAbs program creates uncertainty about our prospects and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified executive and other key personnel.

We are a developmental stage biopharmaceutical company with no approved product candidate(s), which makes it difficult to assess our future viability.

We are a developmental stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the pharmaceutical area. For example, to execute any future business plan, we may need to successfully:

If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing these objectives, we may not be able to develop any current and future product candidate(s), raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations.

We face significant competition. If we cannot successfully compete with new or existing product candidate(s), our marketing and sales will suffer and we may never be profitable.

We compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their strategic partners, operate larger research and development programs than we do, and have substantially greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in:

Generally, our competitors currently include large fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi-Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline and other companies as well as companies and academic research institutes in various developmental stages attempting to develop COVID-19 therapies, such as Adagio and Vir. If our competitors develop and commercialize products faster than we do, or develop and commercialize products that are superior to our product candidate(s), our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated. Our competitors may succeed in developing and commercializing products earlier and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities more rapidly than we do. Our competitors may also develop products or technologies that are superior to those we are developing, and render our product candidate(s) obsolete or non-competitive. If we cannot successfully compete with new or existing product candidate(s), our marketing and sales will suffer and we may never be profitable.

The extent to which our product candidate(s) achieves market acceptance will depend on competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. Competition in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry is intense and has been accentuated by the rapid pace of technology development. Our competitors also compete with us to:

We may be subject to legal proceedings and/or to product liability lawsuits.

We could incur substantial costs and be required to limit commercialization in connection with product liability claims relating to current and future product candidates, which may result in substantial losses.

Current and future product candidates could cause adverse events, including injury, disease or adverse side effects. These adverse events may not be observed in clinical trials, but may nonetheless occur in the future. If any of these adverse events occur, they may render current and future product candidates ineffective or harmful in some participants, and any future sales would suffer, materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, potential adverse events caused by current and future product candidates could lead to product liability lawsuits. If product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit the marketing and commercialization of any current and future product candidate(s). Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks, which are inherent in the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products. We may not be able to avoid product liability claims. For example, changes in laws outside the U.S. are expanding our potential liability for injuries that occur during clinical trials. Product liability insurance is expensive, subject to deductibles and coverage limitations, and may not be available in the amounts that we desire for a price we are willing to pay. Product liability insurance for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is generally expensive, if available at all. If, at any time, we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance coverage on reasonable terms or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we may be unable to clinically test, market or commercialize any current and future product candidate(s). A successful product liability claim brought against us in excess of our insurance coverage, if any, may cause us to incur substantial liabilities, and, as a result, our business, liquidity and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. In addition, the existence of a product liability claim could affect the market price of the ADSs.

If our employees commit fraud or other misconduct, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, and insider trading, our business may experience serious adverse consequences.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures: to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state health-care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Our board of directors adopted a Code of Ethics. However, it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

In addition, during the course of our operations, our directors, executives and employees may have access to material, non-public information regarding our business, our results of operations or potential transactions we are considering. If a director, executive or employee was to be investigated, or an action was to be brought against a director, executive or employee for insider trading, it could have a negative impact on our reputation and the market price of the ADSs. Such a claim, with or without merit, could also result in substantial expenditures of time and money, and divert attention of our management team from other tasks important to the success of our business.

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth. Failure to manage our growth effectively will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully grow and expand. Successful implementation of any future business plan will require management of growth, including potentially rapid and substantial growth, which will result in an increase in the level of responsibility for management personnel and place a strain on our human and capital resources. To manage growth effectively, we will be required to continue to implement and improve our operating and financial systems and controls to expand, train and manage our employee base. Our ability to manage our operations and growth effectively will require us to continue to expend funds to enhance our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures, and to attract and retain sufficient talented personnel. If we are unable to scale up and implement improvements to our control systems in an efficient or timely manner, or if we encounter deficiencies in existing systems and controls, then we will not be able to successfully commercialize any current and future product candidate(s). Failure to attract and retain sufficient talented personnel will further strain our human resources and could impede our growth or result in ineffective growth. Moreover, the management, systems and controls currently in place or to be implemented may not be adequate for such growth, and the steps we have taken to hire personnel and to improve such systems and controls might not be sufficient. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to obtain adequate insurance, our financial condition could be adversely affected in the event of uninsured or inadequately insured loss or damage. Our ability to effectively recruit and retain qualified officers and directors could also be adversely affected if we experience difficulty in obtaining adequate directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

Our business will expose us to potential liability that results from risks associated with conducting clinical trials of current and future product candidates. A successful clinical trial liability claim, if any, brought against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations even though clinical trial insurance is successfully maintained or obtained. The current and planned insurance coverages may only mitigate a small portion of a substantial claim against us.

In addition, we may be unable to maintain sufficient insurance as a public company to cover liability claims made against our officers and directors. If we are unable to adequately insure our officers and directors, we may not be able to retain or recruit qualified officers and directors to manage the Company.

Recent disruptions in the financial markets and economic conditions could affect our ability to raise capital.

In recent years, the U.S. and global economies suffered dramatic downturns as the result of a deterioration in the credit markets and related financial crises as well as a variety of other factors including, among other things, the current COVID-19 pandemic, extreme volatility in security prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, ratings downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. The U.S. and certain foreign governments have taken unprecedented actions in an attempt to address and rectify these extreme market and economic conditions by providing liquidity and stability to the financial markets. If the actions taken by these governments are not successful, the return of adverse economic conditions may cause a significant impact on our ability to raise capital, if needed, on a timely basis and on acceptable terms or at all.

We may be subject to extensive environmental, health and safety, and other laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions.

Our business involves the controlled use, directly or indirectly through our service providers, of hazardous materials, various biological compounds and chemicals; therefore, we, our agents and our service providers may be subject to various environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing air emissions, water and wastewater discharges, noise emissions, the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. The risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident, spill or release of any regulated chemicals or substances occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including for investigation, remediation and monitoring of the contamination, including natural resource damages, the costs of which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of biohazardous materials and chemicals. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover the costs and expenses that may be incurred because of injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Additional or more stringent federal, state, local or foreign laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial capital costs and operating expenses and may be required to obtain consents to comply with any of these or certain other laws or regulations and the terms and conditions of any permits or licenses required pursuant to such laws and regulations, including costs to install new or updated pollution control equipment, modify our operations or perform other corrective actions at our respective facilities or the facilities of our service providers.

Governments may impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.

In some countries, including the countries comprising the European Union (the “EU”), the pricing of pharmaceuticals and certain other therapeutics is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate(s) to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our product candidate(s) is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

Our internal computer systems, or those used by our contractors or consultants, may fail or experience security breaches or other unauthorized or improper access.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to privacy and information security incidents, such as data breaches, damage from computer viruses and unauthorized access, malware, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication, electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we will rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for, and manufacture, current and future product candidates, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential data, including personally identifiable information, whether through a breach of computer systems, systems failure, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, or otherwise, or unauthorized access to or through our information systems and networks, whether by our employees or third parties, could result in negative publicity, legal liability and damage to our reputation. Unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information could also expose us to sanctions for violations of data privacy laws and regulations around the world. To the extent that any disruption or security breach result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product candidate(s) could be delayed.

As we become more dependent on information technologies to conduct our operations, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, may increase in frequency and sophistication. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks, the confidentiality and the availability and integrity of our data and these risks apply both to us, and to third parties on whose systems we rely for the conduct of our business. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we and our partners may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Further, we do not have any control over the operations of the facilities or technology of our cloud and service providers, including any third party vendors that collect, process and store personal data on our behalf. Our systems, servers and platforms and those of our service providers may be vulnerable to computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins that our or their security measures may not detect. Individuals able to circumvent such security measures may misappropriate our confidential or proprietary information, disrupt our operations, damage our computers or otherwise impair our reputation and business. We may need to expend significant resources and make significant capital investment to protect against security breaches or to mitigate the impact of any such breaches. There can be no assurance that we or our third party providers will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our current and future product candidate(s) could be delayed.

Failure to comply with current or future federal, state and foreign laws and regulations and industry standards relating to privacy and data protection laws could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.

We and our partners and third-party providers may be subject to federal, state and foreign data privacy and security laws and regulations. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including federal health information privacy laws, state data breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners and third-party providers.

In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising. In the United States, these include enforcement actions in response to rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of federal agencies and state attorneys general and legislatures and consumer protection agencies. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed, and may propose in the future, self-regulatory standards that may legally or contractually apply to us. If we fail to follow these security standards, even if no customer information is compromised, we may incur significant fines or experience a significant increase in costs. Many state legislatures have adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security and data breaches. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to customers whose personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. States are also constantly amending existing laws, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements. Furthermore, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation.

Foreign data protection laws, including EU General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), may also apply to health-related and other personal information obtained outside of the United States. The GDPR, which came into effect on May 25, 2018, introduced new data protection requirements in the European Union, as well as potential fines for noncompliant companies of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of annual global revenue. The regulation imposes numerous new requirements for the collection, use and disclosure of personal information, including more stringent requirements relating to consent and the information that must be shared with data subjects about how their personal information is used, the obligation to notify regulators and affected individuals of personal data breaches, extensive new internal privacy governance obligations and obligations to honor expanded rights of individuals in relation to their personal information (e.g., the right to access, correct and delete their data). Among other requirements, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States, and the efficacy and longevity of current transfer mechanisms between the EU and the United States remains uncertain. For example, in 2016, the EU and United States agreed to a transfer framework for data transferred from the EU to the United States, called the Privacy Shield, but the Privacy Shield was invalidated in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Compliance with U.S. and foreign data protection laws and regulations could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Failure by us or our partners and third-party providers to comply with U.S. and foreign data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects about whom we or our potential partners obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.

Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

Our NanoAbs program is based on an exclusive license from MPG, and we could lose our rights to this license if a dispute with MPG arises or if we fail to comply with the financial and other terms of the license.

We license the core intellectual property for our NanoAbs program from MPG under an exclusive license agreement, pursuant to which we received an exclusive worldwide license for the development and commercialization of Covid-19 NanoAbs based on certain patents and intellectual property owned by MPG and related thereto. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreement, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions thereof, the license agreement will expire on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon the later of (i) the expiration or abandonment of the patent rights that relate to such product in such country and (ii) ten years from the date of first commercial sale of such product in such country. However, MPG is entitled to terminate the exclusivity rights or to terminate the license agreement if, among other things, the Company fails to submit an IND application by a certain date or if the patent rights licensed pursuant to the License Agreement are invalidated. We have the right to license nanobodies against certain other molecular targets on the same terms described above.

If MPG terminates the license agreement, or licenses to a third party the intellectual property it had licensed to us pursuant to this license agreement, or if any dispute arises with respect to our arrangement with MPG, such dispute may disrupt our operations and would likely have a material and adverse impact on us if resolved in a manner that is unfavorable to us. Our NanoAbs program is based on the intellectual property licensed under the license agreement, and if the license agreement is terminated prior to its expiration, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

We rely on MPG to create and provide NanoAbs for our Covid-19 NanoAbs program and expect to rely on them for other NanoAbs programs that we may initiate in the future.

We rely on MPG to create and provide NanoAbs for our Covid-19 NanoAbs program and expect to rely on them for other NanoAbs programs that we may initiate in the future. If the supply of NanoAbs is disrupted or delayed, we will not be able to complete, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully develop and commercialize our current or future product candidates.

If we are ever to conduct clinical trials, we would rely on third parties to conduct any such clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials.

We will rely on third parties such as contract research organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to conduct any future clinical trials on our behalf. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagement with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our product development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. We remain responsible for ensuring that our clinical trial is conducted in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulator, and failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, third parties that we rely on for our clinical development activities may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for any current and future product candidate(s). Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in testing or obtaining marketing approvals.

A disruption to our GMP biologics manufacturing facility in Jerusalem could adversely affect our business.

Our current manufacturing facility contains highly specialized equipment and materials and utilizes complicated production processes developed over a number of years, which would be difficult, time-consuming, and costly to duplicate or, though a remote risk, may be impossible to duplicate. If this facility were damaged or destroyed, or otherwise subject to disruption, including contamination, it would require substantial lead-time to replace such manufacturing capabilities and could cause costly delays. In such event, we would be forced to identify and rely entirely on third-party contract manufacturers for an indefinite period of time, which we may not be able to do in a timely manner and would further increase our production costs. Any disruptions or delays at our facility or its failure to meet regulatory compliance would significantly impair our ability to advance our NanoAbs program, which would result in increased costs and losses and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Use of third parties to manufacture current and future product candidate(s) may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of such product candidate(s) at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

Our GMP biologics manufacturing facility in Jerusalem is capable of manufacturing an annual supply of current and future product candidate(s) suitable for regulatory or other similar uses. However, we may also rely on a third party CMO for commercial supply of current and future product candidates.

Reliance on a third party CMO entails risks, including:

A CMO may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the U.S. Our failure, or the failure of our third party manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidate(s), operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidate(s).

We may not obtain the necessary materials for the performance of any future clinical trials in the U.S. or other countries around the world that we may conduct.

Clinical trials we may conduct in the future may involve obtaining materials and information that may not currently be in our possession and that we rely on suppliers and manufacturers to provide. It is possible that the FDA or any other relevant regulatory body will request that we provide materials or information that are not in our possession at that time before allowing us to proceed with any proposed clinical trials.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we fail to adequately protect, enforce or secure rights to the patents which we own or that were licensed to us or any patents we may own or license in the future, the value of our intellectual property rights would diminish and our business and competitive position would suffer.

Our success, competitive position and future revenues, if any, depend in part on our ability to obtain and successfully leverage intellectual property covering our product candidate(s), know-how, methods, processes and other technologies, to protect our trade secrets, to prevent others from using our intellectual property and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The risks and uncertainties that we face with respect to our intellectual property rights include, but are not limited to, the following:

If patent rights covering our product candidate(s) and methods are not sufficiently broad, they may not provide us with any protection against competitors with similar products and technologies. Furthermore, if the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”) or any foreign patent office issue patents to us or our licensors, others may challenge the patents or design around the patents, or the patent office or the courts may invalidate the patents. An adverse determination in any opposition, derivation, revocation, re-examination, post-grant and inter parties review or interference proceedings or foreign equivalent, or litigation, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Such proceedings and any other patent challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, loss of priority or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and product candidate(s). Thus, any patents we own or license form or to third parties may not provide any protection against our competitors. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other developments related to any of the foregoing proceedings. If securities analysts or investors perceive those results to be negative, it could cause the price of the ADSs to decline. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of any pending applications, and we cannot be certain that any of our issued patents or patents licensed from MPG (or any other third-party in the future) will give us adequate protection from competing products. Further, even if our owned or licensed patent applications issue as patents, the issuance of any such patents is not conclusive as to their inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability and such patents may be challenged, invalidated, narrowed or held to be unenforceable.

We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or equivalent foreign bodies. In addition, since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make our inventions or to file patent applications covering those inventions.

Moreover, some of our owned or in-licensed patents and patent applications may in the future be co-owned with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, who could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us.

It is also possible that others may obtain issued patents that could prevent us from commercializing our product candidate(s) or require us to obtain licenses requiring the payment of significant fees or royalties in order to enable us to conduct our business. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. If we are unable to license such technology, or if we are forced to license such technology, on unfavorable terms, our business could be materially harmed and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation. As to those patents that we have licensed, our rights depend on maintaining our obligations to the licensor under the applicable license agreement, and we may be unable to do so.

In addition to patents and patent applications, we depend upon proprietary know-how to protect our proprietary technology. We require our employees, consultants, advisors and partners to enter into confidentiality agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information to any other parties. We also require our employees and consultants to disclose and assign to us their ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions. These agreements may not, however, provide adequate protection for our know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to office actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Costly litigation may be necessary to protect our intellectual property rights and we may be subject to claims alleging the violation of the intellectual property rights of others.

We may face significant expense and liability as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patents and other intellectual property rights of others. In the event that another party has also filed a patent application or been issued a patent relating to an invention or technology claimed by us in pending applications, we may be required to participate in an interference proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial uncertainties and costs for us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. We, or our licensors, also could be required to participate in interference proceedings involving issued patents and pending applications of another entity. An adverse outcome in an interference proceeding could require us to cease using the technology or to license rights from prevailing third parties.

The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding relating to our licensed patents or patent applications, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial and could divert management’s resources and attention. Competitors and other third parties may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate our issued patents or other intellectual property or the patents or other intellectual property of our licensors. Our ability to enforce our patent protection could be limited by our financial resources, and may be subject to lengthy delays. In addition, our patents or the patents of our licensors may become involved in inventorship or priority disputes. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents or that our patents are invalid or unenforceable. In a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our owned or licensed patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. We may find it impractical or undesirable to enforce our intellectual property against some third parties.

A third party may claim that we are using inventions claimed by their patents and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities, such as research, development and the sale of any current and future product candidate(s). Such lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources. There is a risk that a court will decide that we are infringing the third party’s patents and will order us to cease the activities claimed by the patents, including to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product candidate(s), redesign our product candidate(s) or processes to avoid infringement, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure, or obtain licenses (which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all). In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us to pay the other party damages for having infringed their patents.

There is no guarantee that any prevailing patent owner would offer us a license so that we could continue to engage in activities claimed by the patent, or that such a license, if made available to us, could be acquired on commercially acceptable terms. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties and other fees. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. In addition, third parties may, in the future, assert other intellectual property infringement claims against us with respect to our product candidate(s), technologies or other matters. Any claims of infringement asserted against us, whether or not successful, may have a material adverse effect on us. Any of the foregoing events would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which could harm our business. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could compromise our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs or in-license needed technology or other product candidate(s). There could also be public announcements of the results of the hearing, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive those results to be negative, it could cause the price of the ADSs to decline. Any of the foregoing events could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on confidentiality agreements that could be breached and may be difficult to enforce, which could result in third parties using our intellectual property to compete against us.

Although we believe that we take reasonable steps to protect our intellectual property, including the use of agreements relating to the non-disclosure of confidential information to third parties, as well as agreements that purport to require the disclosure and assignment to us of the rights to the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions of our employees and consultants while we employ them, the agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce. Although we seek to enter into these types of agreements with our contractors, consultants, advisors and research and other partners, to the extent that employees and consultants utilize or independently develop intellectual property in connection with any of our projects, disputes may arise as to the intellectual property rights associated with current and future product candidates. If a dispute arises, a court may determine that the right belongs to a third party. In addition, enforcement of our rights can be costly and unpredictable. We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, contractors, consultants, advisors or others. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite the protective measures we employ, we still face the risk that:

International patent protection is particularly uncertain, and if we are involved in opposition proceedings in foreign countries, we may have to expend substantial sums and management resources.

Patent law outside the United States may be different than in the United States. Further, the laws of some foreign countries, such as China where certain patents owned or licensed by us were granted, may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, if at all. A failure to obtain sufficient intellectual property protection in any foreign country could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and future prospects. Moreover, we may participate in opposition proceedings to determine the validity of our foreign patents or our competitors’ foreign patents, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s resources and attention. Additionally, due to uncertainty in patent protection law, we have not filed patent applications in many countries where significant markets exist.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that employees, partners or other third parties who were involved in the development of intellectual property for the Company have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who were involved in the development of intellectual property for the Company. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of our intellectual property has been and may in the future be developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patents Law, 5727-1967 (the “Patents Law”), inventions conceived by an employee in the course and as a result of or arising from his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patents Law also provides that if there is no such agreement between an employer and an employee, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee (the “Committee”), a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his inventions. Decisions by the Committee have created uncertainty in this area, as it held that employees may be entitled to remuneration for their service inventions despite having specifically waived any such rights. However, a later decision by the Committee held that such right can be waived by the employee. The Committee further held that an explicit reference to the waived right is not necessary in every circumstance in order for the employee’s waiver of such right to be valid. Such waiver can be formalized in writing or orally or be implied by the actions of the parties in accordance with the rules of interpretation of Israeli contract law. We generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us. Although our employees have agreed to assign to us service invention rights, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions.

We may receive less revenue from any current and future product candidate(s) if any of our employees successfully claim for compensation for their work in developing our intellectual property, which in turn could impact our future profitability.

Our employees may have been previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs, delay development of our product candidate(s) and be a distraction to management. Any of the foregoing events would harm our business, prospects and results of operations.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidate(s) for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidate(s) are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product candidate(s), we may be open to competition from competitive medications, including generic medications. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidate(s), patents protecting such product candidate(s) might expire before or shortly after such product candidate(s) are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing product candidate(s) similar or identical to ours.

Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of any FDA marketing approval of our product candidate(s), one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, and one or more of our foreign patents may be eligible for patent term extension under similar legislation, for example, in the European Union. In the United States, the Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, there are no assurances that the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority or national patent office will grant such extensions, in whole or in part. For example, we may not receive an extension if we fail to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than we request. Only one patent per approved product can be extended, the extension cannot extend the total patent term beyond 14 years from approval, and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for the applicable product candidate(s) will be shortened, and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. As a result, our revenue from applicable product candidate(s) could be reduced. Further, if this occurs, our competitors may take advantage of our investment in development and trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case, and our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

Risks Related to Our Operations in Israel

Potential political, economic and military instability in the State of Israel, where our senior management, our head executive office, research and development, and manufacturing facilities are located, may adversely affect our results of operations.

Our principal executive office, our research and development facilities and our current manufacturing facility are located in Israel. Our officers and most of our directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business and operations. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. In the last decade, there have been escalations in violence between Israel, on the one hand, and Hamas, the Palestinian Authority and/or other groups, on the other hand, as well as extensive hostilities along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip, which resulted in missiles being fired from Gaza into southern and central Israel, including near Tel Aviv and at areas surrounding Jerusalem. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Our offices and laboratory, located in Jerusalem, Israel, are within the range of the missiles and rockets that have been fired at Israeli cities and towns from Gaza sporadically since 2006, with escalations in violence during which there were a substantially larger number of rocket and missile attacks aimed at Israel. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies were subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of Israeli citizens to perform military service.

Many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases more, of annual military reserve duty each year until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are military officers or who have certain occupations) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by such call-ups, which may include the call-up of members of our management. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investors may have difficulties enforcing a U.S. judgment, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, against us, or our executive officers and directors or asserting U.S. securities laws claims in Israel.

We are incorporated in Israel. Most of our current executive officers and directors reside in Israel and most of our assets reside outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us or any of these persons in the United States, including one based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not be enforced by an Israeli court unless certain provisions of Israeli law are satisfied. It may also be difficult to effect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel.

Under Israeli law, if U.S. law is found to be applicable to such a claim, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process, and certain matters of procedure would be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing these matters.

Under applicable U.S. and Israeli law, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees. In addition, employees may be entitled to seek compensation for their inventions irrespective of their agreements with us, which in turn could impact our future profitability.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees and key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and key consultants, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer which have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company, such as us, has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards us and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in us, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to our articles of association, an increase of our authorized share capital, a merger and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder of ours or other power towards us has a duty to act in fairness towards us. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. Since Israeli corporate law underwent extensive revisions approximately 15 years ago, the parameters and implications of the provisions that govern shareholder behavior have not been clearly determined. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Changes in Israeli tax laws and examinations by the Israeli Tax Authorities could increase our overall tax liabilities.

We are subject to various taxes and tax compliance obligations in Israel. Changes in Israeli tax laws and regulations or their implementation in the future could increase our tax liabilities and our tax compliance obligations. In addition, the proper application of Israeli tax laws is subject to certain uncertainties and require the exercise of judgement. We may be subject to examinations by the Israeli Tax Authorities, and if our application or interpretation of Israeli tax laws is successfully challenged, we could be subject to additional tax liabilities, including interest and penalties, which could adversely affect our business and financial position.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a merger proposal was filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days from the date that the shareholders of both merging companies approved the merger. In addition, the holder of a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a full tender offer can only be completed if the acquirer receives at least 95% of the issued share capital (provided that a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer shall have approved the tender offer, except that if the total votes to reject the tender offer represent less than 2% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital, in the aggregate, approval by a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer is not required to complete the tender offer), and the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, petition the court to alter the consideration for the acquisition (unless the acquirer stipulated in the tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights).

Our articles of association provide that our directors (other than external directors) are elected to terms, with only two or three of our directors (other than external directors) to be elected each year, in each case for a term of three years. The staggering of the terms of our directors prevents a potential acquirer from readily replacing our entire board of directors at a single annual general shareholder meeting. This could prevent an acquirer from seeking to effect a change in control of our company by proposing an acquisition proposal offer opposed by our board, even if beneficial to our shareholders.

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to those of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.

These and other similar provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us or our merger with another company, even if such an acquisition or merger would be beneficial to us or to our shareholders.

Because a certain portion of our expenses is incurred in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, our results of operations may be harmed by currency fluctuations and inflation.

Our reporting and functional currency is the NIS, but some portion of our operational expenses are in U.S. Dollars and Euros. As a result, we are exposed to some currency fluctuation risks. We may, in the future, decide to enter into currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the currencies mentioned above in relation to the NIS. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us from adverse effects.

Risks Related to our Securities

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market could result in a delisting of the ADSs.

If we fail to satisfy Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take steps to delist the ADSs. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of the ADSs and would impair shareholders’ ability to sell or purchase their ADSs when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow the ADSs to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of the ADSs, prevent the ADSs from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

If we fail to meet all applicable Nasdaq Capital Market requirements and Nasdaq determines to delist our shares, the delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our shares and the market price of our shares could decrease significantly.

Nasdaq requires that the closing bid price of the ADSs do not fall below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. If we are unable to maintain compliance with this closing bid price requirement, the ADSs could be delisted from Nasdaq. If this were to occur, trading of our securities would most likely take place in an over-the-counter market for unlisted securities. An investor would likely find it less convenient to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations in seeking to buy, our securities in an over-the-counter market, and many investors would likely not buy or sell our securities due to difficulty in accessing over-the-counter markets, policies preventing them from trading in securities not listed on a national exchange or other reasons. In addition, as a delisted security, our securities would be subject to SEC rules as a “penny stock,” which impose additional disclosure requirements on broker-dealers. The regulations relating to penny stocks, coupled with the typically higher cost per trade to the investor of penny stocks due to factors such as broker commissions generally representing a higher percentage of the price of a penny stock than of a higher-priced stock, would further limit the ability of investors to trade in our securities. For these reasons and others, delisting would adversely affect the liquidity, trading volume and price of our securities, causing the value of an investment in us to decrease and having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and raise capital.

The controlling share ownership position of Angels Investments in High Tech Ltd. will limit your ability to elect the members of our board of directors, may adversely affect our share price and will result in our non-affiliated investors having limited influence on corporate actions.

Angels Investments in High Tech Ltd. (“AIHT”) is currently our controlling shareholder. As of February 15, 2021, AIHT beneficially owned approximately 22.7% of the voting power of our outstanding ADSs. Therefore, AIHT has the ability to substantially influence us through this ownership position. For example, AIHT may be able to substantially influence elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and approval of any merger, amalgamation, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction. AIHT’s interests may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of other shareholders, and it may exercise its voting and other rights in a manner with which you may not agree or that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders. So long as it continues to own a significant amount of our equity, AIHT will continue to be able to strongly influence our decisions.

There is a significant risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the current or any other taxable year, which generally would result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to our U.S. investors.

There is a significant risk that we will be treated as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for our current or any other taxable year. In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income (the “income test”) or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income (the “assets test”). Generally, passive income includes interest, dividends, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for PFIC purposes. Goodwill is an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income.

The assets shown on our balance sheet are expected to consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. Therefore, whether we will satisfy the assets test for the current or any future taxable year will depend largely on the quarterly value of our goodwill, and on how quickly we utilize our current and future cash balances in our business. Therefore, because we hold, and expect to continue to hold, substantial amounts of cash, there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC under the assets test due to our decreased market capitalization and the volatility of the ADSs price. In addition, there is no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service will not assert that for purposes of the assets test a portion of our goodwill is not an active asset, in which case our risk of being or becoming a PFIC will increase. Further, it is not entirely clear how the income test should apply to a company like us and we may be a PFIC for any taxable year if the amount of our interest and other passive income constitutes 75% or more of our overall gross income as calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, gross receipts minus cost of goods sold). Moreover, the composition of our income and assets may change. For these reasons, and since a company’s annual PFIC status can be determined only after the end of each taxable year, we cannot express a view as to whether we will be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year. U.S. investors should therefore invest in the ADSs only if they are willing to bear the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owns the ADSs, such U.S. investor could be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on gains from dispositions of the ADSs and certain distributions, and a requirement to file annual reports with the Internal Revenue Service. We intend to post on our website the information necessary for a U.S. investor to make a qualifying electing fund (“QEF”) election with respect to us and each Lower-tier PFIC (as defined in “Taxation — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) that is wholly-owned by us, for the current or any future taxable year, if (i) our investment income constitutes 75% or more of our gross receipts for such taxable year, or (ii) we otherwise determine that we were a PFIC for such taxable year. Any such QEF election will result in U.S. federal income tax consequences that are different from the general PFIC rules. See “Taxation — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” for more information. 

We are a “foreign private issuer” and have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies.

We are a foreign private issuer and are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, although under the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, as an Israeli public company listed overseas we will be required to disclose the compensation of our five most highly compensated officers on an individual basis (rather than on an aggregate basis, as was previously permitted for Israeli public companies listed overseas prior to such amendment), this disclosure will not be as extensive as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and are not required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the requirements to report short-swing profit recovery contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Also, as a “foreign private issuer,” we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to you in comparison to those applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are permitted, and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and NASDAQ Capital Market requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are permitted, and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the listing rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market for domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we intend to follow home country practice in Israel with regard to, among other things, board independence requirements, director nomination procedures and quorum requirements. In addition, we may follow our home country law instead of the listing rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market that require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or greater interest in the Company, and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. We also intend to follow our home country rules regarding the periodic approval of and changes to the formal charter for our compensation committee instead of the listing rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market. We may in the future elect to follow home country corporate governance practices in Israel with regard to other matters. Following our home country corporate governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market may provide less protection to you than what is accorded to investors under the listing rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

We are a foreign private issuer and therefore we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. If in the future we are not a foreign private issuer as of the last day of the second fiscal quarter in any fiscal year, we would be required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure, current reporting requirements and proxy solicitation rules of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) a majority of our Ordinary Shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our managing directors, supervisory directors and executive officers may not be United States citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we were to lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and stock exchange rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified managing directors and supervisory directors.

We have not paid, and do not currently intend to pay, dividends on the ADSs and, therefore, unless our traded securities appreciate in value, our investors may not benefit from holding our securities.

We have not paid any cash dividends on the ADSs since inception. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on the ADSs in the foreseeable future. Moreover, the Israeli Companies Law, as amended (the “Companies Law”) imposes certain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. As a result, investors in the ADSs will not be able to benefit from owning these securities unless their market price becomes greater than the price paid by such investors and they are able to sell such securities. We cannot assure you that you will ever be able to resell our securities at a price more than the price paid.

You may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Ordinary Shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Ordinary Shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Ordinary Shares the ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from foreign currency that was part of a dividend made in respect of deposited Ordinary Shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as “deposited securities” or may seek to effect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the depositary may withhold from such dividends or distributions its fees and an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. This means that you may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive any value for such distributions or dividends if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights as our shareholders.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights of our ordinary shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Ordinary Shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. Under Israeli law, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders meeting is no less than 35 or 21 calendar days, depending on the proposals on the agenda for the shareholders meeting. When a shareholder meeting is convened, holders of the ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit them to withdraw their Ordinary Shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of the ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of the ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of the ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as a holder of ADSs, they will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of the ADSs.

The ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

General Risks

We incur significant costs as a public company in the United States, and our management is required to devote substantial additional time to new compliance initiatives as well as to compliance with ongoing U.S. and Israeli reporting requirements.

We are a publicly traded company in the U.S. As a public company in the U.S., we incur additional significant accounting, legal and other expenses. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements of the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market, as well as requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The implementation and testing of such processes and systems may require us to hire outside consultants and incur other significant costs. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States, including Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and the NASDAQ Capital Market, for so long as they apply to us, will result in increased costs to us as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, if any, or as executive officers.

The market price for the ADSs has been and will likely remain volatile.

The market price for the ADSs has been and is likely to remain highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors including the following:

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of the ADSs, which would result in substantial losses by our investors.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company and its management following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for biopharmaceutical companies, which have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years.

In addition, the trading prices for securities of other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the outbreak may impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of any particular company. These market fluctuations may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of the ADSs in the public market could cause the price of the ADSs to decline.

Substantial sales of the ADSs on Nasdaq may cause the market price of the ADSs to decline. Sales by us or our security holders of substantial amounts of the ADSs, or the perception that these sales may occur in the future, could cause a reduction in the market price of the ADSs.

The issuance by the Company of any additional ADSs, or grant of any securities by the Company that are exercisable for or convertible into our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, may have an adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs and will have a dilutive effect on our existing shareholders and holders of ADSs.

Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted by future issuances of share capital, which could reduce your influence over matters on which shareholders vote.

Our board of directors has the authority, in most cases without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares, including Ordinary Shares and ADSs issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options. Issuances of additional shares and ADSs would reduce your influence over matters on which our shareholders vote.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our traded securities, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could be negatively impacted.

The trading market for our securities may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts, and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding the ADSs, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of the ADSs would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could negatively impact the price of the ADSs or their trading volume.