Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2024

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-36576

MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		20-0198082
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

5 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 500

100 Matsonford Rd

Radnor, PA 19087

(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (484) 801-4670

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	MRNS	Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ⌧ Yes ☐ No.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company	☒

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐Yes ☒ No

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as of May 3, 2024, was: 54,933,774.

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MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2024

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	5
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	48
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	48

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	49
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	51
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	51
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	51
Item 5.	Other Information	52
Item 6.	Exhibits	53
	Signatures	54

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “Marinus,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Marinus Pharmaceuticals Emerald Limited, an Ireland company.

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PART I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements

MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)



	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	104,253	$	120,572
Short-term investments		9,000		29,716
Accounts receivable, net		3,513		3,799
Inventory		5,783		2,413
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		8,727		8,746
Total current assets		131,276		165,246
Property and equipment, net		3,735		3,843
Other assets		2,339		1,819
Total assets	$	137,350	$	170,908
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	6,125	$	4,003
Current portion of notes payable		15,401		11,551
Current portion of revenue interest financing payable		2,511		2,211
Accrued expenses		18,721		22,859
Total current liabilities		42,758		40,624
Notes payable, net of deferred financing costs		58,072		61,423
Revenue interest financing payable, net of deferred financing costs		34,642		33,766
Contract liabilities, net		17,730		17,545
Other long-term liabilities		582		785
Total liabilities		153,784		154,143
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized, 54,938,349 issued and 54,931,042 outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 54,585,428 issued and 54,578,121 outstanding at December 31, 2023		55		55
Additional paid-in capital		594,106		588,656
Treasury stock at cost, 7,307 shares at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		—		—
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		—		(20)
Accumulated deficit		(610,595)		(571,926)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(16,434)		16,765
Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	137,350	$	170,908

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

Revenue:
Product revenue, net	$	7,509	$	3,332
Federal contract revenue		152		7,048
Collaboration revenue		18		—
Total revenue		7,679		10,380

Expenses:
Research and development		24,118		27,933
Selling, general and administrative		18,626		15,204
Cost of product revenue		756		206
Total expenses		43,500		43,343
Loss from operations		(35,821)		(32,963)
Interest income		1,462		2,343
Interest expense		(4,346)		(4,147)
Other income, net		36		37
Net loss applicable to common shareholders	$	(38,669)	$	(34,730)
Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock—basic and diluted	$	(0.68)	$	(0.67)
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding		56,851,811		51,769,685
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities		20		74
Total comprehensive loss	$	(38,649)	$	(34,656)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(38,669)	$	(34,730)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		131		157
Amortization of debt issuance costs		609		480
Accretion of revenue interest financing debt, net of cash paid		1,065		1,440
Amortization of discount on short-term investments		(149)		(228)
Stock-based compensation expense		5,193		3,741
Amortization of net contract asset/liability		(337)		(413)
Noncash lease expense		47		53
Noncash lease liability		224		96
Write off of fixed assets		—		62
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Net contract asset/liability		522		544
Prepaid expenses and other current assets, non-current assets, inventory and accounts receivable		(3,833)		(8,963)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(2,264)		(3,717)
Net cash used in operating activities		(37,461)		(41,478)
Cash flows from investing activities
Maturities of short-term investments		20,885		—
Purchases of short-term investments		—		(51,995)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		20,885		(51,995)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		257		—
Other cash flows from financing activities		—		(174)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		257		(174)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(16,319)		(93,647)
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period		120,572		240,551
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period	$	104,253	$	146,904
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	$	20	$	74
Cash paid for interest during the period	$	2,671	$	2,156

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF (DEFICIT) EQUITY

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


												Accumulated
	Series A						Additional					Other				Total
	Convertible Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Treasury Stock			Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Shares	Amount		Income (Loss)		Deficit		(Deficit) Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022	4,300	$	4,043	49,642,767	$	50	$	542,428	7,307	$	—	$	—	$	(430,521)	$	116,000
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		3,741	—		—		—		—		3,741
Net issuance of common stock in connection with the vesting of restricted stock	—		—	22,350		—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		74		—		74
Net Loss	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		(34,730)		(34,730)
Balance, March 31, 2023	4,300	$	4,043	49,665,117	$	50	$	546,169	7,307	$	—		74	$	(465,251)	$	85,085

Balance, December 31, 2023	—	$	—	54,578,121	$	55	$	588,656	7,307	$	—	$	(20)	$	(571,926)	$	16,765
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		5,193	—		—		—		—		5,193
Exercise of stock options	—		—	57,665		—		257	—		—		—		—		257
Net issuance of common stock in connection with the vesting of restricted stock	—		—	295,256		—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		20		—		20
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		(38,669)		(38,669)
Balance, March 31, 2024	—	$	—	54,931,042	$	55	$	594,106	7,307	$	—	$	—	$	(610,595)	$	(16,434)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Description of the Business and Liquidity

We are a commercial-stage pharmaceutical company dedicated to the development of innovative therapeutics for the treatment of seizure disorders, including rare genetic epilepsies and status epilepticus (SE). On March 18, 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved our new drug application (NDA) for the use of ZTALMY® (ganaxolone) oral suspension CV for the treatment of seizures associated with Cyclin-dependent Kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) Deficiency Disorder (CDD) in patients two years of age and older. ZTALMY, our first FDA approved product, became available for commercial sale and shipment in the third quarter of 2022. On July 28, 2023, the European Commission (EC) granted marketing authorization for ZTALMY for the adjunctive treatment of epileptic seizures associated with CDD in patients two to 17 years of age. ZTALMY may be continued in patients 18 years of age and older. We have an exclusive collaboration agreement with Orion Corporation (Orion) for European commercialization of ganaxolone for ZTALMY. Orion is preparing for commercial launches of ZTALMY in select European countries in 2024.

We are also developing ganaxolone for the treatment of other rare genetic epilepsies, including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), and for the treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE). SE is a life-threatening condition characterized by continuous, prolonged seizures or rapidly recurring seizures without intervening recovery of consciousness. If SE is not treated urgently, permanent neuronal damage may occur, which contributes to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with SE who do not respond to first-line benzodiazepine treatment are classified as having Established Status Epilepticus (ESE) and those who then progress to and subsequently fail at least one second-line antiepileptic drug are classified as having RSE.

We are developing ganaxolone in formulations for two different routes of administration: intravenous (IV) and oral. The different formulations are intended to maximize potential therapeutic applications of ganaxolone for adult and pediatric patient populations, in both acute and chronic care. While the precise mechanism by which ganaxolone exerts its therapeutic effects in the treatment of seizures is unknown, its anticonvulsant effects are thought to result from positive allosteric modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). Ganaxolone is a synthetic analog of allopregnanolone, an endogenous neurosteroid, and targets both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA_A. This unique receptor binding profile may contribute to the anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects shown by neuroactive steroids in animal models, clinical trials or both.

Liquidity

Since inception, we have incurred negative cash flows from our operations, and other than for the three months ended September 30, 2022 due to a one-time net gain from the sale of our Priority Review Voucher (PRV), we have incurred net losses. We incurred a Net loss of $38.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. There is no assurance that profitable operations will be achieved in the future, and if achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. In addition, development activities, clinical and preclinical testing, and commercialization of ganaxolone (in indications other than CDD in the U.S.) will require significant additional financing. Our accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2024 was $610.6 million, and we expect to incur substantial losses in future periods.

We plan to finance our future operations with a combination of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of debt, government funding, collaborations, licensing transactions and other commercial transactions or other sources, and revenues from product sales. We have not generated positive cash flows from operations, and there are no assurances that we will be successful in obtaining an adequate level of financing for the continued development and commercialization of ganaxolone.

Management’s operating plan, which underlies the analysis of our ability to continue as a going concern, involves the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash inflows and outflows. Actual results could vary from the operating plan. We follow the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern, which requires management

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to assess our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. We had Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments of $113.3 million as of March 31, 2024. We believe that such amount is not sufficient to fund our operations for the one-year period after the date these financial statements are issued. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through the one-year period from the date these financial statements are issued. Cost reduction activities are being implemented, with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024. Management’s plans that are intended to further mitigate this risk include securing additional funding in the future from one or more equity or debt financings, government funding, collaborations, licensing transactions, other commercial or strategic transactions or other sources. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising additional capital or that such capital, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. We have and will continue to evaluate alternatives to extend our operations beyond the one-year period after the date the financial statements are issued.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) as well as the accounts of Marinus Pharmaceuticals Emerald Limited (an Ireland company incorporated in February 2021), a wholly owned subsidiary requiring consolidation. Marinus Pharmaceuticals Emerald Limited serves as a corporate presence in the European Union for regulatory purposes. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Accordingly, they do not include all information and disclosures necessary for a presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP) for annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting primarily of normal recurring accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and accompanying notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Product Revenue, net

We recognize ZTALMY revenue in accordance with ASC 606 – Revenue from contracts with customers. Our revenue recognition analysis consists of the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods are performance obligations, including whether they are capable of being distinct; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue as we satisfy each performance obligation.

Our first FDA approved product, ZTALMY, became available for commercial sale and shipment in the third quarter of 2022. We have three customers, one of which, Orsini Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (Orsini), a specialty pharmacy that dispenses ZTALMY directly to patients, represents approximately 99% of our ZTALMY revenue to date. Our contract with Orsini has a single performance obligation to deliver ZTALMY upon receipt of a purchase order, which is satisfied when Orsini receives ZTALMY. We recognize ZTALMY revenue at the point in time when control of ZTALMY is transferred to Orsini, which is upon delivery to Orsini. The transaction price that we recognize for

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ZTALMY revenue includes an estimate of variable consideration. Shipping and handling costs to Orsini are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses. The components of variable consideration include:

Trade Discounts and Allowances. We provide contractual discounts, including incentive prompt payment discounts and chargebacks. Each of these potential discounts is recorded as a reduction of ZTALMY revenue and Accounts receivable in the period in which the related ZTALMY revenue is recognized. We estimate the amount of variable consideration for all discounts and allowances using the expected value method.

Product Returns and Recall. We provide for ZTALMY returns in accordance with our Return Good Policy. We estimate the amount of ZTALMY that may be returned using the expected value method, and we present this amount as a reduction of ZTALMY revenue in the period the related ZTALMY revenue is recognized. In the event of a recall, we will promptly notify Orsini and will reimburse Orsini for direct administrative expenses incurred in connection with the recall as well as the cost of replacement product.

Government Rebates. We are subject to discount obligations under state Medicaid programs, Medicare and the Tricare Retail Refund Program. We estimate reserves related to these discount programs and record these obligations in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of ZTALMY revenue.

Patient Assistance. We offer a voluntary co-pay patient assistance program intended to provide financial assistance to eligible patients with a prescription drug co-payment required by payors and coupon programs for cash payors. The calculation of the Current liability for this assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that we expect to receive associated with ZTALMY that has been recognized as Product revenue but remains in the distribution channel inventories at the end of each reporting period.

Federal Contract Revenue

We recognize Federal contract revenue from the BARDA Contract in the period in which the allowable research and development expenses are incurred, and receivables associated with this revenue are included within Accounts receivable, net on our interim consolidated balance sheets. This revenue is not within the scope of ASC 606 – Revenue from contracts with customers.

Short-term Investments

We classify our Short-term investments as available-for-sale securities, which include U.S. government agency debt securities and U.S. treasury debt securities with original maturities of greater than three months. These securities are carried at fair market value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in Other comprehensive loss and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity. All of our investments were short-term in nature as of March 31, 2024.

Accounts Receivable, net

Net trade receivables related to ZTALMY sales, which are recorded in Accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets, were approximately $2.8 million and $2.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no allowance for doubtful accounts. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined based on our assessment of the credit worthiness and financial condition of our customers, aging of receivables, as well as the general economic environment. Any allowance would reduce the net receivables to the amount that is expected to be collected. We have three customers, one of which, Orsini Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (Orsini), a specialty pharmacy that dispenses ZTALMY directly to patients, represents approximately 99% of our ZTALMY revenue to date. Payment terms for Orsini are 30 days from the shipment date.

Excluding net trade receivables, Accounts receivable, net represents amounts due to us under the BARDA contract for valid expenditures expected to be reimbursed to us under the terms of the BARDA contract and current amounts due to us from Orion Corporation (Orion) under the collaboration agreement (Note 12).

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Inventory

Inventories are recorded using actual costs and may consist of raw materials (ganaxolone API), work in process and finished goods. We began capitalizing Inventory related to ZTALMY subsequent to the March 2022 FDA approval of ZTALMY, as the related costs were expected to be recoverable through the commercialization and subsequent sale of ZTALMY. Prior to FDA approval of ZTALMY, costs estimated at approximately $2 million for commercially saleable product and materials were incurred and included in Research and development expenses. As a result, Cost of product revenues related to ZTALMY initially reflected a lower average per unit cost of materials, and will continue to reflect a lower average per unit cost of materials through the second quarter of 2024, as previously expensed inventory is utilized for commercial production and sold to customers.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with Note payable (Note 10) and Revenue interest financing payable (Note 11) are amortized to Interest expense over the term of the respective financing arrangement using the effective-interest method. Debt issuance costs, net of related amortization, are deducted from the carrying value of the related debt.

Contract Liabilities, net

When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to completing our performance obligation to the customer under the terms of a contract, a Contract liability is recorded. Contract liabilities expected to be recognized as revenue or a reduction of expense within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as Current liabilities. Contract liabilities not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as Long-term liabilities. In accordance with ASC 210-20, our Contract liabilities were partially offset by our Contract assets at March 31, 2024, as further discussed in Note 12.

Liability Related to Revenue Interest Financing and Non-Cash Interest Expense

In October 2022, we recognized a liability related to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard Healthcare Royalty Partners, LP (Sagard) under ASC 470-10 Debt and ASC 835-30 Interest - Imputation of Interest. The initial funds received by us from Sagard pursuant to the terms of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement were recorded as a liability and will be accreted under the effective interest method upon the estimated amount of future royalty payments to be made pursuant to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement. The issuance costs were recorded as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the liability and will be amortized under the effective interest method over the estimated period the liability will be repaid. We estimated the total amount of future product revenue to be generated over the life of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, and a significant increase or decrease in these estimates could materially impact the liability balance and the related Interest expense. If the timing or amounts of any estimated future revenue and related payments change, we will prospectively adjust the effective interest and the related amortization of the liability and related issuance costs. The liability related to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard is further discussed in Note 11.

Collaboration and Licensing Revenue

We may enter into collaboration and licensing arrangements for research and development, manufacturing, and commercialization activities with counterparties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. These arrangements may contain multiple components, such as (i) licenses, (ii) research and development activities, and (iii) the manufacturing of certain material. Payments pursuant to these arrangements may include non-refundable and refundable payments, payments upon the achievement of significant regulatory, development and commercial milestones, sales of product at certain agreed-upon amounts, and royalties on product sales. The amount of variable consideration is constrained until it is probable that the revenue is not at a significant risk of reversal in a future period.

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In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under a collaboration agreement, we perform the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are capable of being distinct; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue as we satisfy each performance obligation.

We must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgment to determine the underlying stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation, which determines how the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations. The estimation of the stand-alone selling price may include such estimates as forecasted revenues and costs, development timelines, discount rates and probabilities of regulatory and commercial success. We also apply significant judgment when evaluating whether contractual obligations represent distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction price to performance obligations within a contract, determining when performance obligations have been met, assessing the recognition and future reversal of variable consideration and determining and applying appropriate methods of measuring progress for performance obligations satisfied over time.

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

As of March 31, 2024, our Cash and cash equivalents included $1.4 million of cash accounts in banking institutions and $102.9 million in money market funds. As of December 31, 2023, our Cash and cash equivalents included $1.3 million of cash accounts in banking institutions and $119.3 million in money market funds. Our Cash and cash equivalents are maintained in federally insured financial institutions in excess of the federally insured limit. Included in Other assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable related to our Short-term investments.

The following table provides details regarding our portfolio of Short-term investments (in thousands) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

March 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000
Total	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000


December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities	$	26,852	$	138	$	(155)	$	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities		2,884		31		(34)		2,881
Total	$	29,736	$	169	$	(189)	$	29,716

4. Fair Value Measurements

FASB accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (the exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance outlines a valuation framework and creates a fair value hierarchy in order to increase the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and the related disclosures. In determining fair value, we use quoted prices and observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources.

The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:

●

Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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●

Level 2 — Valuations based on observable inputs and quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities.

●

Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and models that are significant to the overall fair value measurement.

If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of our financial assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 or Level 2 valuations.

We estimate the fair values of our financial instruments categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, including U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government Agency securities, by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services use industry standard valuation models, including both income- and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, benchmark yields, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, and other observable inputs. We obtain a single price for each financial instrument and do not adjust the prices obtained from the pricing service.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2024
Assets
Cash	$	1,420	$	—	$	—	$	1,420
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		102,833		—		—		102,833
U.S. Treasury securities		—		9,000		—		9,000
Total assets	$	104,253	$	9,000	$	—	$	113,253
December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash	$	1,255	$	—	$	—	$	1,255
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		119,317		—		—		119,317
U.S. Treasury securities		—		26,835		—		26,835
Agency securities		—		2,881		—		2,881
Total assets	$	120,572	$	29,716	$	—	$	150,288

5. Inventory

Inventories are stated at actual costs and consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	3,600	$	436
Work in process		1,591		1,075
Finished goods		592		902
Total Inventories	$	5,783	$	2,413

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6. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Payroll and related costs	$	2,830	$	7,746
Clinical trials and drug development		5,694		4,701
Accrued license agreement payment		2,000		4,000
Professional fees		1,669		1,236
Selling and commercial liabilities		4,502		3,901
Short-term lease liabilities		1,306		774
Other		720		501
Total accrued expenses	$	18,721	$	22,859

7. Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing Net loss attributable to common stockholders by the Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share of common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as convertible preferred stock, stock options and unvested restricted stock, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. In computing the Basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, the Weighted average number of shares remains the same for both calculations due to the fact that when a Net loss exists, dilutive shares are not included in the calculation. These potentially dilutive securities are more fully described in Note 8.

The pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the November 2022 offering are included in the calculation of Basic and diluted net loss per share as the exercise price of $0.001 per share is non-substantive and is virtually assured. The pre-funded warrants are more fully described in Note 8.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024	2023
Convertible preferred stock	—	860,000
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units	2,293,878	1,542,115
Stock options	8,671,041	7,143,397
	10,964,919	9,545,512

8. Stockholders’ Equity

In 2005, we adopted the 2005 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (2005 Plan) that authorizes us to grant stock options, restricted stock and other equity-based awards. As of March 31, 2024, no options to purchase shares of common stock were outstanding pursuant to grants in connection with the 2005 Plan. No additional shares are available for issuance under the 2005 Plan. The amount, terms of grants, and exercisability provisions are determined and set by our board of directors.

Effective August 2014, we adopted our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (2014 Plan), that authorizes us to grant stock options, restricted stock, and other equity-based awards, subject to adjustment in accordance with the 2014 Plan. As of March 31, 2024, 6,389,758 options to purchase shares of common stock were outstanding pursuant to grants

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in connection with the 2014 Plan, and 260,569 shares of common stock were available for future issuance. The amount, terms of grants, and exercisability provisions are determined and set by our board of directors. In accordance with the 2014 Plan, on January 1, 2024, the shares of common stock available for future grants under the 2014 Plan was increased to 3,090,220.

Stock Options

There were 8,671,041 stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2024 at a weighted average exercise price of $9.69 per share, including 2,281,283 stock options outstanding outside of the 2014 Plan, granted as inducements to new employees. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 1,617,094 options were granted to employees and directors at a weighted average exercise price of $9.76 per share. Of the options granted, 1,540,519 options were granted pursuant to the 2014 Plan and 76,575 were granted outside of the 2014 Plan as inducements for new employees.

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

All issued and outstanding restricted shares of common stock are time-based, and become vested within two years of the grant date, pursuant to the 2014 Plan. Compensation expense is recorded ratably over the requisite service period. Compensation expense related to restricted stock is measured based on the fair value using the closing market price of our common stock on the date of the grant. As of March 31, 2024, we did not have any restricted shares of common stock outstanding.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we granted 1,350,244 restricted stock units, which generally vest within three years of the grant date, pursuant to the 2014 Plan. As of March 31, 2024, we had 2,293,878 restricted stock units outstanding.

Total compensation cost recognized for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units in the statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,832	$	1,342
Selling, general and administrative		3,361		2,399
Total	$	5,193	$	3,741

Preferred Stock

As of March 31, 2024 all shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (Preferred Stock) had been converted and none remained outstanding. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, 4,300 shares of our Preferred stock remained outstanding, convertible into 860,000 shares of our common stock. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no conversions of shares of our Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock.

Underwritten Public Offering

In connection with an underwritten public offering in November 2022 and the closing of the related exercise of the underwriters’ option in December 2022, we issued a total of 12,421,053 shares of common stock and 2,105,264 pre-funded warrants (the Pre-funded Warrants) resulting in aggregate net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and commissions in the public offering and fees, of $64.5 million. The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of each Pre-funded Warrant are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the common stock as well as upon any distribution of assets, including cash, stock or other property, to our stockholders. The Pre-funded Warrants are exercisable at any time, will not expire and are exercisable in cash or by means of a cashless exercise. A holder of Pre-funded Warrants may not exercise such Pre-funded Warrants if the holder, together

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with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 9.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. A holder of Pre-funded Warrants may increase or decrease this percentage not in excess of 19.99% by providing at least 61 days’ prior notice to us.

Sales Pursuant to Equity Distribution Agreement

On July 9, 2020, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (EDA) with JMP Securities LLC (JMP), as amended by the March 31, 2023 Amendment No. 1 to the EDA (Amended EDA), to create an at the market equity program under which we from time to time may offer and sell shares of our common stock without a maximum aggregate offering price. The Amended EDA was entered into in connection with our filing of a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-271041) with the SEC (the 2023 Registration Statement), which includes a prospectus supplement covering the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $75,000,000 of shares of common stock that may be issued and sold under the Amended EDA. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Amended EDA, JMP will be entitled to a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares of our common stock. We did not sell any shares of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 under the EDA.

9. Leases

We have entered into one operating lease for real estate and several operating leases for clinical site equipment. Our real estate operating lease has a term of 78 months, and includes renewal terms which can extend the lease term by 60 months, which we include in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. As of March 31, 2024, our operating lease had a remaining lease term of 18 months. Our operating leases for clinical site equipment each have a term of 18 months and include renewal terms that can extend the lease terms monthly at the end of each applicable term. As of March 31, 2024, our operating leases for clinical site equipment had an average remaining term of 14 months. The right-of-use (ROU) assets are included in Other assets on our interim consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and represent our right to use the underlying assets for the applicable lease terms. Our obligations to make lease payments are included in both Accrued expenses and Other long-term liabilities on our interim consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The ROU assets were initially measured at cost, which comprise the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred, less any lease incentives received. The ROU assets are subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, ROU assets were $1.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and operating lease liabilities were $1.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively. We have entered into various short-term operating leases, primarily for clinical trial equipment, with an initial term of twelve months or less. These leases are not recorded on our balance sheets. All operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in total lease costs, of which less than $0.1 million related to short-term operating leases for each period.

Because the rate implicit in each lease is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate used to determine the initial value of ROU assets and lease liabilities was 11.0%, derived from a corporate yield curve based on a synthetic credit rating model using a market signal analysis. We have certain contracts for real estate which may contain lease and non-lease components which we have elected to treat as a single lease component. The borrowing rate used to determine the initial value of the ROU asset and lease liability related to our operating lease for clinical site equipment was approximately 7.0%.

ROU assets for operating leases are periodically reduced by impairment losses. We use the long-lived assets impairment guidance in ASC Subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment – Overall, to determine whether an ROU asset is impaired, and if so, the amount of the impairment loss to recognize. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have not recognized any impairment losses for our ROU assets.

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Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):




Remainder of 2024	$	1,073
2025		955
		2,028
Less: imputed interest		(140)
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

Current operating lease liabilities	$	1,306
Non-current operating lease liabilities		582
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

10. Notes Payable

On May 11, 2021 (Closing Date) and as amended on May 17, 2021, May 23, 2022 and October 28, 2022 (Credit Agreement), we entered into the Credit Agreement with Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC as administrative agent (Oaktree) and the lenders party thereto (collectively, the Lenders) that provided for a five-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate original principal amount of up to $125.0 million that was available to us in five tranches (collectively, the Term Loans).

Upon entering into the Credit Agreement in May 2021, we borrowed $15.0 million in term loans from the Lenders (Tranche A-1 Term Loans); upon receipt of written acceptance by the FDA of our NDA filing relating to the use of ganaxolone for CDD in September 2021, we borrowed $30.0 million of tranche A-2 term loans from the Lenders (Tranche A-2 Term Loans); and in March 2022, we borrowed $30.0 million in term loans from the Lenders that became available as a result of the approval by the FDA of ZTALMY oral suspension for the treatment of seizures associated with CDD in patients two years of age and older (Tranche B Term Loans). In May 2022, we entered into an amendment (the Credit Agreement Amendment) to extend the commitment date for the tranche C Term Loans (Tranche C Term Loans) commitment from June 30, 2023 to December 31, 2023, and to eliminate the commitment fees associated with the Tranche C Term Loans. Also in May 2022, we delivered to Oaktree a separate notice of commitment termination with respect to the tranche D term loans (Tranche D Term Loans) commitment. In October 2022, we entered into an amendment to, among other things, allow for the consummation of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard and the transactions thereunder. In addition, the Credit Agreement Amendment increased the exit fee due by us upon any repayment, whether as a prepayment or a scheduled repayment, of the principal of the loans under the Credit Agreement from 2.00% to 2.67%. In August 2023, we delivered to Oaktree a separate notice of commitment termination with respect to the $25.0 million of Tranche C Term Loans commitment. Following the termination of the Tranche C Term Loan Commitment, the loans under the Credit Agreement consist of $75.0 million of previously drawn Term Loans with no additional funds available thereunder.

The Credit Agreement contains a minimum liquidity covenant that requires us to maintain cash and cash equivalents of at least $15.0 million from the funding date of the Tranche B Term Loans until the maturity of the Term Loans.

The Term Loans will be guaranteed by certain of our future subsidiaries (Guarantors). Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by a pledge of substantially all of our assets and will be secured by a pledge of substantially all of the assets of the Guarantors.

The Term Loans mature on May 11, 2026 (Maturity Date). The Term Loans bear interest at a fixed per annum rate (subject to increase during an event of default) of 11.50%, and we are required to make quarterly interest payments until the Maturity Date. We are also required to make quarterly principal payments beginning on June 30, 2024 in an amount equal to 5.0% of the aggregate amount of the Term Loans outstanding on June 30, 2024, and continuing until the Maturity Date. On the Maturity Date, we are required to pay in full all outstanding Term Loans and other amounts owed under the Credit Agreement.

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At the time of borrowing any tranche of the Term Loans, we were required to pay an upfront fee of 2.0% of the aggregate principal amount borrowed at that time. In addition, a commitment fee of 75 basis points per annum began to accrue on each of the tranche B, C, and D commitments for the period beginning 120 days after the funding date of the Tranche A-2 Term Loans and continued until the applicable tranche was either funded or terminated, at which time the related commitment fees were due. The Tranche A-2 Term Loans were funded on September 27, 2021, and as such, we began accruing the commitment fees for tranche B, C, and D Term Loans 120 days later, on January 25, 2022. We drew down the additional $30.0 million of Tranche B Term Loans in March 2022, and paid less than $0.1 million in commitment fees related to Tranche B Term Loans. The May 2022 amendment eliminated the commitment fees related to the Tranche C Term Loans, and separately, we terminated the Tranche D Term Loans in May 2022 and the Tranche C Term Loans in August 2023.

We may prepay all or any portion of the Term Loans, and are required to make mandatory prepayments of the Term Loans from the proceeds of asset sales, casualty and condemnation events, and prohibited debt issuances, subject to certain exceptions. All mandatory and voluntary prepayments of the Term Loans are subject to prepayment premiums equal to (i) 4% of the principal prepaid if prepayment occurs after May 11, 2023 but on or before May 11, 2024, or (ii) 2% of the principal prepaid if prepayment occurs after May 11, 2024 but on or before May 11, 2025. If prepayment occurs after May 11, 2025, no prepayment premium is due.

In addition, we are required to pay an exit fee in an amount equal to 2.67% of all principal repaid, whether as a mandatory prepayment, voluntary prepayment, or a scheduled repayment. Prior to the October 28, 2022 amendment to the Credit Agreement, the exit fee was 2.0%. The increase in the exit fee resulted in an additional $0.5 million of debt issuance costs that are classified as a contra-liability on the consolidated balance sheets and is being recognized as Interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method.

In addition to the minimum liquidity covenant, we are subject to a number of affirmative and restrictive covenants under the Credit Agreement, including limitations on our ability and our subsidiaries’ abilities, among other things, to incur additional debt, grant or permit additional liens, make investments and acquisitions, merge or consolidate with others, dispose of assets, pay dividends and distributions, and enter into affiliate transactions, subject to certain exceptions. As of March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants.

Upon the occurrence of certain events, including but not limited to our failure to satisfy our payment obligations under the Credit Agreement, the breach of certain of our other covenants under the Credit Agreement, the occurrence of cross defaults to other indebtedness, or defaults related to enforcement action by the FDA or other Regulatory Authority or recall of ganaxolone, Oaktree and the Lenders will have the right, among other remedies, to accelerate all amounts outstanding under the Term Loans and declare all principal, interest, and outstanding fees immediately due and payable.

In March 2022, we borrowed $30.0 million upon the approval by the FDA of ZTALMY for CDD and incurred debt issuance costs of $1.8 million, including the exit fee of $0.6 million, that are classified as contra-liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and are being recognized as Interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method.

In September 2021, we borrowed $30.0 million upon receipt of written acceptance by the FDA of our NDA filing relating to the use of ganaxolone in the treatment of CDD and incurred debt issuance costs of $1.2 million, including the exit fee of $0.6 million, that are classified as contra-liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and are being recognized as Interest expenses over the term of the loan using the effective-interest method.

In May 2021, we borrowed $15.0 million upon entering into the Credit Agreement and incurred debt issuance costs of $4.4 million, including the exit fee of $0.3 million, that are classified as a contra-liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and are being recognized as Interest expenses over the term of the loan using the effective-interest method.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized interest expense of $2.7 million, of which $2.2 million was interest on the Term Loans and $0.5 million was non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of debt issuance costs.

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The following table summarizes the composition of Notes payable as reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):


Gross proceeds	$	75,000
Contractual exit fee		2,003
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		(3,530)
Total note payable	$	73,473

Current portion of note payable		15,401
Non-current portion of note payable		58,072
Total note payable	$	73,473

The aggregate maturities of Notes payable as of March 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	11,250
2025		15,000
2026		48,750
Total	$	75,000

11. Revenue Interest Financing Agreement

On October 28, 2022 (Closing Date), we entered into a revenue interest financing agreement (Revenue Interest Financing Agreement) with Sagard Healthcare Royalty Partners, LP (Sagard) pursuant to which we received $32.5 million (Investment Amount) to provide funding for our development and commercialization of ganaxolone and related pharmaceutical products, including the commercial launch of ZTALMY, and for working capital and general administrative purposes.

In exchange for the Investment Amount, we have agreed to make quarterly payments to Sagard (Payments) as follows: (i) for each calendar quarter from and after the Closing Date through and including the quarter ended June 30, 2026, an amount equal to 7.5% of (a) our U.S. net sales of ZTALMY and all other pharmaceutical products that contain ganaxolone (Net Sales), in each case with any dosage form, dosing regimen, or strength, or any improvements related thereto (collectively, Included Products) and (b) certain other payments received by us in connection with the manufacture, development and sale of the Included Products in the U.S. (Other Included Payments, and, together with Net Sales, Product Revenue); and (ii) for each calendar quarter following the calendar quarter ended June 30, 2026, an amount equal to (x) 15.0% of the first $100 million in annual Product Revenue of the Included Products and (y) 7.5% of annual Product Revenue of the Included Products in excess of $100 million.

The Payments are subject to a hard cap equal to 190% of the Investment Amount (Hard Cap) or $61.8 million. Sagard’s right to receive payments will terminate when Sagard has received payments in respect of the Included Products, including any additional payments described below, equal to the Hard Cap. Further, we have the right to make voluntary prepayments to Sagard, and such payments will be credited against the Hard Cap.

If Sagard has not received aggregate payments equaling at least 100% of the Investment Amount by December 31, 2027 or at least 190% of the Investment Amount by December 31, 2032 (each, a Minimum Amount), then we will be obligated to make a cash payment to Sagard in an amount sufficient to gross up Sagard up to the applicable Minimum Amount within a specified period of time after each reference date.

The obligations under the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, including the Payments, will be guaranteed by certain of our future subsidiaries that are required to become a party thereto as guarantors (Guarantors). Our obligations under the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement and the guarantee of such obligations are secured, subject to customary permitted liens and other agreed upon exceptions and subject to an intercreditor agreement with Oaktree as administrative agent for the lenders under our credit agreement (as described below, the Credit Agreement), by a pledge of substantially all of our and the Guarantors’ assets that relate to, or are used or held for use for, the development, manufacture, use and/or

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commercialization of ZTALMY and all other pharmaceutical products that contain ganaxolone in the U.S., including the Product Revenue, pursuant to the terms of the Security Agreement dated as of the Closing Date by and among us, the Guarantors from time to time party thereto, and Sagard (Security Agreement).

At any time, we have the right, but not the obligation (Call Option), to repurchase all, but not less than all, of Sagard’s interest in the Payments at a repurchase price (Put/Call Price) equal to: (a) on or before the third anniversary of the Closing Date, 160% of the Investment Amount; (b) after the third anniversary but on or prior to the fourth anniversary of the Closing Date, 180% of the Investment Amount; and (c) after the fourth anniversary of the Closing Date, 190% of the Investment Amount, in each case, less the aggregate of all of our payments in respect of the Payments made to Sagard prior to such date.

The Revenue Interest Financing Agreement contains certain restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ abilities, among other things, to incur additional debt, grant or permit additional liens, make investments and acquisitions, dispose of assets, pay dividends and distributions and enter into affiliate transactions, in each case, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires us to maintain at all times cash and cash equivalents in certain deposit accounts in an amount at least equal to (i) from the Closing Date until the repayment of the loans under the Credit Agreement, $15.0 million and (ii) thereafter, $10.0 million.

In connection with the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, on the Closing Date, we entered into the Credit Agreement Amendment with Oaktree which is fully described in Note 10.

Issuance costs pursuant to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement consisted primarily of advisory and legal fees and totaled $2.6 million. These issuance costs were recorded as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the liability and will be amortized under the effective interest method over the estimated period the liability will be repaid. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we estimated an effective annual interest rate of approximately 18%. Over the course of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, the actual interest rate will be affected by the amount and timing of net ZTALMY revenue recognized and changes in the timing of forecasted net ZTALMY revenue. On a quarterly basis, we reassess the expected timing of the net ZTALMY revenue, recalculate the amortization and effective interest rate and adjust the accounting prospectively as needed.

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The following table summarizes the activity of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024 (in thousands):



For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2022	$	30,877
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2023		1,440
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2023		71
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2023		(174)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability		1,321
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		30,893
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2023	$	35,977
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024		1,556
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2024		111
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2024		(491)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability	$	2,511
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		34,642
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

12. Collaboration Revenue

Orion Collaboration Agreement

In July 2021, we entered into a collaboration agreement (Orion Collaboration Agreement) with Orion. The Orion Collaboration Agreement falls under the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808) as both parties are active participants in the arrangement that are exposed to significant risks and rewards. While this arrangement is in the scope of ASC 808, we analogize to ASC 606 for some aspects of this arrangement, including for the delivery of a good or service (i.e., a unit of account). Revenue recognized by analogizing to ASC 606 is recorded as collaboration revenue on the consolidated statements of operations.

Under the terms of the Orion Collaboration Agreement, we granted Orion an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to certain of our intellectual property rights with respect to commercializing biopharmaceutical products incorporating our product candidate ganaxolone (Licensed Products) in the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom and Switzerland (collectively, the Territory) for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of certain human diseases, disorders or conditions (Field), initially in the indications of CDD, TSC and RSE. We will be responsible for the continued development of Licensed Products and regulatory interactions related thereto, including conducting and sponsoring all clinical trials, provided that Orion may conduct certain post-approval studies in the Territory. Orion will be responsible, at Orion’s sole cost and expense, for the commercialization of any Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory.

Under the terms of the Orion Collaboration Agreement, we received a €25.0 million ($29.6 million) upfront payment from Orion in July 2021. In connection with the upfront fee, we agreed to provide Orion with the results of a planned genotoxicity study on the M2 metabolite of ganaxolone, a “Combined Micronucleus & Comet study in vivo.” In May 2022, the final study report was received, which confirmed that no genotoxicity was found, as measured by formation of micronuclei in the bone marrow or comet morphology in the liver. In the event that the results of such study were positive, based on the criteria set forth in the study’s protocol, Orion would have had the right to terminate the Orion Collaboration Agreement within ninety (90) days after its receipt of the final report of such study, in which case

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we would have been required to refund Orion seventy-five percent (75%) of the upfront fee. We are eligible to receive up to an additional €97 million in R&D reimbursement and cash milestone payments based on specific clinical and commercial achievements, as well as tiered royalty payments based on net sales ranging from the low double-digits to high teens for the oral programs and the low double-digits to low 20s for the IV program. Also, as part of the overall arrangement, we have agreed to supply the Licensed Products to Orion at an agreed upon price.

The Orion Collaboration Agreement shall remain effective until the date of expiration of the last to expire Royalty Term, which is defined as the period beginning on the date of the first commercial sale Licensed Product in such country and ending on the latest to occur of (a) the tenth (10th) anniversary of the first commercial sale of Licensed Product in such country, (b) the expiration of the last-to-expire licensed patent covering the manufacture, use or sale of such Licensed Product in such country, and (c) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity period, if any, for such Licensed Product in such country. The Orion Collaboration Agreement has a term of at least ten (10) years since a commercial sale has yet to occur. The Orion Collaboration Agreement allows for termination in certain specific events, such as material breach, in the event Orion challenges the validity, enforceability or scope of the licensed patent rights, termination for forecast failure, insolvency and force majeure, none of which are probable at contract inception.

In accordance with the guidance, we identified the following commitments under the arrangement: (i) exclusive rights to develop, use, sell, have sold, offer for sale and import any product comprised of Licensed Product (License) (ii) development and regulatory activities (Development and Regulatory Activities), and (iii) requirement to supply Orion with the Licensed Product at an agreed upon price (Supply of Licensed Product). We determined that these three commitments represent distinct performance obligations for purposes of recognizing revenue or reducing expense, which we will recognize such revenue or expense, as applicable, as we fulfill these performance obligations.

At contract inception, we determined that the non-refundable portion of the upfront payment plus the research and development reimbursement constitutes the transaction price as of the outset of the Orion Collaboration Agreement. The refundable portion of the upfront payment and the future potential regulatory and development milestone payments were fully constrained at contract inception as the risk of significant revenue reversal related to these amounts had not yet been resolved. During 2022, the refundable portion of the upfront payment was determined to be included in the transaction price as the final genotoxicity study on the M2 metabolite of ganaxolone was received as described above and the remaining $12.7 million of the upfront payment was recorded as collaboration revenue in the year ended December 31, 2022. The achievement of the future potential milestones is not within our control and is subject to certain research and development success and therefore carry significant uncertainty. As a result of the July 2023 EC approval of ZTALMY oral suspension for the adjunctive treatment of epileptic seizures associated with CDD in patients two to 17 years of age, we are now eligible under the Orion Collaboration Agreement to receive a commercial milestone payment of €10 million, if commercial sales of ZTALMY commence in the Territory, due upon the earlier of (1) the first commercial sale of ZTALMY within two of a select set of countries consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom and (2) the 18-month anniversary of the first commercial sale of ZTALMY in the Territory. We will reevaluate the likelihood of achieving these milestones at the end of each reporting period and adjust the transaction price in the period the risk is resolved. In addition, we will recognize any consideration related to sales-based milestones and royalties when the subsequent sales occur since those payments relate primarily to the License, which was delivered by us to Orion upon entering into the Orion Collaboration Agreement.

The transaction price was allocated to the three performance obligations based on the estimated stand-alone selling prices at contract inception. The stand-alone selling price of the License was based on a discounted cash flow approach and considered several factors including, but not limited to, discount rate, development timeline, regulatory risks, estimated market demand and future revenue potential using an adjusted market approach. The stand-alone selling price of the Development and Regulatory Activities and the Supply of Licensed Product was estimated using the expected cost-plus margin approach.

As of December 31, 2023, there was a total contract liability of $13.7 million and a total contract asset of $2.9 million. In accordance with ASC 210-20, the contract liability was offset by the contract asset related to the reimbursement of research and development costs, which resulted in a net contract liability of $10.8 million as of December 31, 2023.

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Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of December 31, 2023:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,511		4,206
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,171	$	13,709

Less Total Contract Asset						2,912
Net Contract Liability					$	10,797

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we amortized $0.3 million of the transaction price associated with the Development and Regulatory Services as a reduction of research and development costs. These reductions to the transaction price resulted in a total contract liability of $13.4 million as of March 31, 2024. In accordance with ASC 210-20, the contract liability of $13.4 million is offset by the contract asset of $2.4 million related to the reimbursement of research and development costs, resulting in a net contract liability of $11.0 million as of March 31, 2024.

Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of March 31, 2024:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March, 2024		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,848		3,869
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,508	$	13,372

Less Total Contract Asset						2,372
Net Contract Liability					$	11,000

We incurred $2.0 million of incremental costs in connection with obtaining the Orion Collaboration Agreement. These contract acquisition costs were allocated consistent with the transaction price, resulting in $1.1 million of expense recorded to selling, general and administrative expense commensurate with the recognition of the License performance obligation and $0.9 million recorded as capitalized contract costs, included in other current assets and other assets, which are being amortized as Development and Regulatory Services and Supply of Licensed Product obligations are met.

Tenacia Collaboration Agreement

On November 16, 2022 (Effective Date), we entered into a Collaboration and Supply Agreement (Tenacia Collaboration Agreement) with Tenacia Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Tenacia). The Tenacia Collaboration Agreement falls under the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808) as both parties are active participants in the arrangement that are exposed to significant risks and rewards. While this arrangement is in the scope of ASC 808, we analogize to ASC 606 for some aspects of this arrangement, including for the delivery of a good or service (i.e., a unit of account). Revenue recognized by analogizing to ASC 606 is recorded as collaboration revenue on the consolidated statements of operations.

Under the terms of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, we granted Tenacia an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to certain of our intellectual property rights to develop, commercialize and otherwise exploit certain products incorporating certain oral and intravenous formulations of our product candidate ganaxolone (Licensed Products) in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (collectively, Territory) for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of certain human diseases, disorders or conditions (Field), initially for the treatment of cyclin-dependent

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kinase-like 5 deficiency disorder, tuberous sclerosis complex and SE (including refractory and established SE) (collectively, the Initial Indications). The collaboration can be expanded to include additional indications and formulations of ganaxolone pursuant to a right of first negotiation.

Under the terms of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, Tenacia agreed to pay us an upfront cash payment of $10 million (the Upfront Fee) within forty-five (45) days after the Effective Date, which was paid in December 2022. In addition to the Upfront Fee, Tenacia has agreed to make cash payments to us upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales-based milestones related to (i) the Initial Indications and (ii) the first new formulation or pro-drug of ganaxolone or any back-up compound of ganaxolone in a new indication (Selected Product) for which the parties amend the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement in connection with Tenacia’s exercise of its right of first negotiation and for which there is no other Licensed Product approved in China (for clarity, the milestone payments under this clause (ii) will only apply to one Selected Product), up to an aggregate amount of $256 million. Of the milestones, $15 million relates to regulatory approvals with separate milestones related to each of oral and intravenous formulations and the Selected Product, and an aggregate of $241 million of sales-based milestones are connected to annual revenue thresholds specific to each of the oral, intravenous and Selected Product formulations of ganaxolone. Tenacia has further agreed to pay us tiered royalty payments based on annual net sales of Licensed Products ranging from the low double digits to the mid-teens for each of the oral formulation, intravenous formulation and Selected Product formulation of Licensed Products. Tenacia’s obligations to pay royalties to us with respect to sales of a Licensed Product in each particular jurisdiction of the Territory will commence on the date of first commercial sale in such jurisdiction and expire upon the latest of (i) ten years following the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction, (ii) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of any licensed patent rights that covers such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction and (iii) the expiration of all regulatory exclusivities for such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction. Royalty payments are subject to reduction in specified circumstances as set forth in the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, including if net sales decrease by a certain percentage after the introduction of a generic product.

Tenacia will be primarily responsible for the development of Licensed Products in the Territory and regulatory interactions related thereto, including conducting and sponsoring clinical studies in the Field in the Territory to support regulatory filings in the Territory. All regulatory approvals filed by Tenacia in the Territory will be in the name of and owned by us unless otherwise required by applicable law, in which case such regulatory approvals would be in the name of and owned by Tenacia for the benefit of us. We and Tenacia have agreed to enter into clinical and commercial supply agreements pursuant to which we will supply Tenacia with its requirements of Licensed Products necessary for Tenacia to develop and commercialize Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory. The parties entered into the clinical and commercial supply agreement in May 2023. The agreement contains pricing, delivery, acceptance, payment, termination, forecasting, and other terms consistent with the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, as well as certain quality assurance, indemnification, liability and other standard industry terms. Tenacia will be responsible for, at Tenacia’s sole cost and expense, obtaining regulatory approval and commercializing the Licensed Product in the Field in Mainland China. Tenacia is enrolling patients in our Phase 3 randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial (TrustTSC trial) of adjunctive ganaxolone.

The term of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement extends for so long as royalties are payable anywhere in the Territory. Subject to the terms of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, (i) for a specified period of time after the Effective Date, Tenacia may terminate the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement in its entirety for any or no reason upon written notice to us, and (ii) either party may terminate the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s material breach following a cure period or insolvency.

In accordance with the guidance, we identified the following commitments under the arrangement: (i) grant to Tenacia the exclusive rights to develop, commercialize and otherwise exploit Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory (License) and (ii) requirement to supply Tenacia with the Licensed Product at an agreed upon price (Supply of Licensed Product). We determined that these two commitments represent distinct performance obligations for purposes of recognizing revenue or reducing expense, which it will recognize such revenue or expense, as applicable, as it fulfills these performance obligations.

The transaction price was allocated to the two performance obligations based on the estimated stand-alone selling prices at contract inception. The stand-alone selling price of the License was based on a discounted cash flow

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approach and considered several factors including, but not limited to, discount rate, development timeline, regulatory risks, estimated market demand and future revenue potential using an adjusted market approach. The stand-alone selling price of the Supply of Licensed Product was estimated using the expected cost-plus margin approach.

There was no activity during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The cumulative collaboration revenue recognized as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is $3.0 million, which was the $3.0 million transaction price associated with the License as revenue at contract inception. No license revenue was recorded during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. There was a total contract liability of $7.0 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. In accordance with ASC 210-20, the contract liability of $7.0 million is offset by a contract asset of $0.7 million, resulting in a net contract liability of $6.3 million as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	2,998	$	2,998	$	-
Supply of Licensed Product		7,002		-		7,002
	$	10,000	$	2,998	$	7,002

Less Total Contract Asset						700
Net Contract Liability					$	6,302

We incurred $1.0 million of incremental costs in obtaining the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement. These contract acquisition costs were allocated consistent with the transaction price, resulting in $0.1 million of expense recorded to Selling, general and administrative expense and $0.2 million recorded to Cost of collaboration revenue, commensurate with the recognition of the License performance obligation, and $0.7 million recorded as capitalized contract costs, which will be amortized as Supply of License Product obligations are met.

Biologix Distribution and Supply Agreement

In May 2023, we entered into an exclusive distribution and supply agreement (Biologix Agreement) with Biologix FZCo (Biologix), whereby Biologix has the right to distribute and sell ganaxolone in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates. In exchange for distribution rights, we will be the exclusive supplier of our products to Biologix on terms set forth in the respective agreements in exchange for a negotiated purchase price for the products. Upon execution of the Biologix Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $0.5 million which is to be recognized over the term of the Biologix Agreement. We may be entitled to additional fees upon regulatory milestones. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded less than $0.1 million of Collaboration revenue related to the Biologix Agreement. There was a total Contract liability of $0.4 million at March 31, 2024. As the Biologix Agreement was entered into in May 2023, there was no contract liability at March 31, 2023.

13. Subsequent Events

On April 15, 2024, we announced that the independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) completed its review of the interim analysis of the RAISE trial. The trial did not meet the pre-defined interim analysis stopping criteria on the co-primary endpoints, and the DMC recommendation was that the RAISE trial may continue without

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modification. We have decided to complete enrollment in the RAISE trial at 100 patients with top-line results expected in the summer of 2024.

Cost reduction activities are being implemented with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024. On April 30, 2024, we implemented a reduction-in-force (RIF) which impacted approximately 20% of our workforce.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “should,” “will,” or “would,” and or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations of the future, about which we cannot be certain.

The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, among other things, statements about:

●

our plans to continue to successfully commercialize ganaxolone in Cyclin-dependent Kinase-like 5 Deficiency Disorder (CDD) in the U.S.;

●

our expectations about the results from the RAISE trial and the top-line data from such trial;

●

our expectations that our cost reduction activities being implemented, with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, as well as maintain the minimum cash balance required under our debt facility, into the first quarter of 2025;

●

our plans to meet our post-approval commitments to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC) for ganaxolone;

●

our expectations regarding the commercialization of ganaxolone in the European Union (EU), including the timing thereof;

●

the potential benefits of ganaxolone in indications other than CDD, and our ability to develop ganaxolone for additional indications, including Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE), Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and Lennox Gastaut Syndrome (LGS);

●

the status, timing and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials;

●

the design of and enrollment in clinical trials, availability of data from ongoing clinical trials, expectations for regulatory approvals and the attainment of clinical trial results that will be supportive of regulatory approvals;

●

the timing of seeking marketing approval of ganaxolone in specific additional indications;

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●

our ability to maintain marketing approval for ganaxolone for CDD and obtain regulatory approval for ganaxolone in other indications;

●

the possibility that we expand the targeted indication footprint and explore new potential formulations of ganaxolone;

●

our estimates of expenses and future revenue and profitability;

●

our estimates regarding our capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;

●

our estimates of the size of the potential markets for ganaxolone;

●

our expectations regarding our collaborations with Orion Corporation (Orion), Tenacia Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Tenacia) and Biologix FZCo (Biologix), including the expected amounts and timings of milestone, royalty and other payments, including research and development reimbursement, if applicable, pursuant thereto;

●

our ability to attract collaborators with acceptable development, regulatory and commercial expertise;

●

the benefits and contractual requirements derived from corporate collaborations, license agreements, and other collaborative or acquisition efforts, including those relating to the development and commercialization of ganaxolone;

●

sources of revenue, including expected future sales of ganaxolone for CDD, revenue contributions from our contract (BARDA Contract) with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), corporate collaborations, license agreements, and other collaborative efforts for the development and commercialization of ganaxolone for CDD and in other indications being developed for ganaxolone;

●

our ability to create and maintain an effective sales and marketing infrastructure where we elect to market and sell ganaxolone directly;

●

the pricing and the timing and amount of reimbursement for ganaxolone;

●

the success of other competing therapies that may become available;

●

the manufacturing capacity and supply for ganaxolone;

●

the possibility that third parties, such as Ovid Therapeutics, Inc. (Ovid), may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could harm our business;

●

the possibility that we expand and diversify our product pipeline through acquisitions of additional drug candidates that fit our business strategy;

●

our ability to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights;

●

our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, and growth strategies;

●

our ability to, among other actions, secure additional financing or strategic transactions and continue as a going concern;

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●

the enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions in our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation; and

●

the industry in which we operate and trends which may affect the industry or us.

You should refer to Part II Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part I Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 5, 2024 for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with: (i) the interim consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto, which are included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q; and (ii) our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

Overview

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extrasynaptic GABA_A. This unique receptor binding profile may contribute to the anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects shown by neuroactive steroids in animal models, clinical trials or both.

Our Products and Product Candidates

ZTALMY^® (ganaxolone) oral suspension CV

ZTALMY is an oral suspension given three times per day that we have developed for the treatment of CDD-associated seizures. ZTALMY was approved by the FDA in March 2022 for the treatment of seizures associated with CDD in patients two years of age and older. ZTALMY, our first FDA approved product, became available for commercial sale and shipment in the third quarter of 2022. We recorded ZTALMY net product revenue of $7.5 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On July 28, 2023, the EC granted marketing authorization for ZTALMY for the adjunctive treatment of epileptic seizures associated with CDD in patients two to 17 years of age. ZTALMY may be continued in patients 18 years of age and older. With the EC marketing authorization granted for ZTALMY, Orion, our commercialization partner for ZTALMY in Europe, announced it has begun preparations for the launch of ZTALMY, including engaging in the required processes for obtaining pricing and reimbursement approval in the various European countries. The pricing and reimbursement process can be time-consuming and may delay Orion’s commercial launch of ZTALMY in one or more European countries.

CDD is a serious and rare genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation of the CDKL5 gene, located on the X chromosome. CDD is a severely debilitating and potentially fatal genetic condition, which occurs with an estimated frequency of 1:40,000 live births in the U.S. It predominantly affects females and is characterized by early onset, difficult to control seizures and severe neurodevelopmental impairment. The CDKL5 gene encodes proteins essential for normal brain structure and function. Most children affected by CDD have neurodevelopmental deficits such as difficulty walking, talking and taking care of themselves. Many also suffer from scoliosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction or sleep disorders. Genetic testing is available to determine if a patient has a mutation in the CDKL5 gene.

In June 2017, we were granted FDA orphan drug designation for ganaxolone for the treatment of CDD. The designation provides the drug developer with a seven-year period of U.S. marketing exclusivity, tax credits for clinical research costs, the ability to apply for annual grant funding, clinical research trial design assistance and waiver of Prescription Drug User Fee Act filing fees. In July 2020, the FDA granted Rare Pediatric Disease Designation (RPD Designation) for ganaxolone for the treatment of CDD. The FDA grants RPD Designation for diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S. and in which the serious or life-threatening manifestations occur primarily in individuals 18 years of age and younger. Upon FDA approval of ZTALMY for CDD in March 2022, the FDA awarded us a Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher (PRV), which we monetized in August 2022 for $110.0 million in cash. In August 2022, we received a letter from Purdue in which Purdue claimed that it was owed $5.5 million by us from the sale of the PRV pursuant to the Purdue License Agreement. We responded to Purdue that we did not agree with their claim. In February 2024, following discussions with Purdue, we agreed to pay Purdue $4 million in respect of its claim. The first $2 million installment was paid to Purdue in March 2024, and the second $2 million installment will be paid on or before June 15, 2024.

In November 2019, the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP) granted orphan drug designation for ganaxolone for the treatment of CDD. Prior to the grant of the marketing authorization, the COMP was required to determine whether the orphan drug designation criteria were still met. On May 26, 2023, the COMP provided a positive opinion to maintain the orphan drug designation for ganaxolone for CDD in the EU.

The U.S. and EC approvals of ZTALMY for CDD are based on data from a Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Marigold Trial), in which 101 patients were randomized and treated with ZTALMY. Clinical trial patients receiving ZTALMY showed a median 30.7% reduction in 28-day major motor seizure frequency, compared to a median 6.9% reduction for those receiving placebo, achieving the trial’s primary endpoint (p=0.0036). At two years in the open label extension phase of the Marigold Trial, patients (n=50) treated with ZTALMY experienced a median 48.2% reduction in major motor seizure frequency. These data suggest that patients who remain on treatment long-term may demonstrate continued reductions in seizure frequency. The most common adverse events (AEs) in the double-blind

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portion of the Marigold Trial were somnolence (36.0% in the ganaxolone group compared to 15.7% in the placebo group), pyrexia (18.0% and 7.8%, respectively) and salivary hypersecretion (6.0% and 2.0%, respectively).

We own families of patents and pending patent applications that claim certain formulations of ganaxolone and cover certain therapeutic uses of ganaxolone, including for treating CDD. The 20-year terms for patents, and applications that issue as patents, in these families run from 2026 through 2042, absent any available patent term adjustments or extensions. We have also licensed from Ovid certain patents that claim certain therapeutic uses of ganaxolone for the treatment of CDD. The licensed patents include a granted U.S. patent, and pending applications in the U.S. and Europe. The 20-year term for these licensed patents and applications that issue as patents will run through 2037, absent any available patent term adjustments.

U.S. Commercial Strategy. Since ZTALMY was approved by the FDA, we have been focused on the implementation and execution of an integrated launch plan to make ZTALMY available to CDD patients in the U.S. through a specialty pharmacy. Key commercial strategies have included and continue to include: (1) executing our supply chain network and quality management system to assure product is available to patients; (2) driving clinical awareness of ZTALMY as the first and only FDA approved product indicated specifically for seizures associated with CDD; (3) deploying our field sales force to target physicians who treat this rare pediatric patient population; (4) engaging commercial and government payers with the objective of obtaining insurance coverage; and (5) enhancing our internal capabilities (such as Finance, Human Resources, Information Technology, Data Analytics and Compliance) to support our first launch as a commercial company.

U.S. Marketing Strategy. Our marketing strategy in the U.S. is to reinforce that seizures are central to the constellation of CDD symptoms, establish ZTALMY as central to the comprehensive management of seizures associated with CDD, and ensure that patients have seamless access to ZTALMY from prescription through fulfillment. Our marketing campaign for ZTALMY is active, and our integrated commercial launch activities initiated in the third quarter of 2022.

U.S. Sales Strategy. Our U.S. commercial sales force includes 16 regional account managers experienced in rare disease. Our field force is targeting identified key accounts and centers of excellence for CDD. Based on our market research, we estimate the addressable patient population for ZTALMY for CDD in the U.S. is approximately 2,000 patients. As this is the first product approved by the FDA specifically for seizures associated with CDD and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD10) code for CDD was established in 2021, there is limited data available for this specific market. We have strengthened both our market access and field force teams, and both payer and customer engagement are ongoing.

U.S. Market Access. We have established a payer and reimbursement account team with the objective of obtaining and maintaining reimbursement (coverage) of ZTALMY in the U.S. We are focusing our efforts on reimbursement from commercial payers where pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) control the majority of commercial pharmacy-benefit lives and government payers, primarily Medicaid for the target population for CDD. We expect approximately 50% of the CDD patient population will access primary coverage through Fee-for-Service or Managed Medicaid, with the remaining approximately 50% accessing primary coverage through commercial payers, with the top PBMs having significant influence. The prescribing and fulfillment process for ZTALMY in the U.S. is managed through ZTALMY One™, a comprehensive patient support program. Enrollment in the program offers various support and information to help caregivers and patients prescribed ZTALMY access their ZTALMY prescription and assist in determining eligibility for and access to co-pay support or free drug programs.

U.S. Specialty Pharmacy. We are utilizing Orsini Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (Orsini), a specialty pharmacy, to provide services for patients in the U.S., including patient enrollment, benefit verification and investigation, prior authorization support, patient education and drug counseling, dispensing of product and shipment coordination.

U.S. Specialty Distributor. We are utilizing ASD Specialty Healthcare, LLC (ASD), a specialty distributor, to provide distribution services in the U.S. in connection with ZTALMY to institutional inpatient pharmacies, U.S. governmental customers, including any Department of Veterans Affairs or Department of Defense sites, and Kaiser Permanente facilities.

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Infrastructure. We continue to enhance our internal capabilities and processes to support a commercial stage company. We have implemented a healthcare compliance program to guide our compliance with rules and regulations regarding pharmaceutical sales.

Manufacture of Commercial Supply. We have executed commercial supply agreements for ganaxolone active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with our current manufacturer and also with our current supplier for finished bulk drug product. Additionally, we have executed a master supply agreement with a second API supplier to undertake certain process development activities and, if successful, provide commercial supplies of API and/or API intermediates.

Regulated as a Controlled Substance in the U.S. On June 1, 2022, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) published an interim final rule in the Federal Register placing ganaxolone and its salts in schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), which rule became final December 9, 2022. Under the CSA, drugs are classified into five (5) distinct categories or schedules depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the drug’s abuse or dependency potential. Schedule V is defined by the DEA as drugs with lower potential for abuse than schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. ZTALMY became available for commercial sale and shipment in the third quarter of 2022. As a controlled substance, ganaxolone is subject to the applicable CSA requirements such as registration, security, recordkeeping and reporting, storage manufacturing, distribution, importation and other requirements.

FDA Post-Marketing Requirements. In connection with FDA approval of ZTALMY for CDD, we have several post-marketing commitments. The Phase 1 renal impairment study commitment was submitted to the FDA in May 2022, the Phase 1 hepatic impairment study and the thorough QTc study were submitted to the FDA in December 2022, the extractable/leachable study results on the container closure system were submitted to the FDA in July 2023, the M17 in vitro drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was submitted in August 2023, and the M17 in vivo PK study with Brain Penetrance was submitted in December 2023. The remaining post-marketing requirements include: 2-year carcinogenicity studies of ganaxolone and the major human unconjugated plasma metabolite, M2, in rats; a 26-week carcinogenicity of ganaxolone in transgenic mice; and a juvenile animal toxicity study of M2 in rats. We expect to be able to complete these remaining required FDA studies and are working with the FDA with respect to the timing of their completion and submission.

Managed Access Program (MAPS). We have initiated a global managed access program with Uniphar Durbin Ireland LTD to support physician access to ZTALMY for appropriate patients with seizures associated with CDD in geographies where there is no available patient access, local regulatory criteria and program eligibility are satisfied, and we do not already have a commercial distribution relationship in place.

Marketing Authorization Application

In August 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the EMA granted our request for accelerated assessment of ganaxolone for the treatment of seizures associated with CDD. The marketing authorization application (MAA) for ganaxolone was submitted to the EMA on October 11, 2021, and on October 28, 2021, we received formal notification from the EMA that the CDD MAA was validated. With this validation, the EMA began its formal review of the MAA under the centralized procedure. On May 26, 2023, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion recommending approval of ZTALMY. On July 28, 2023, the EC approved ZTALMY oral suspension for the adjunctive treatment of epileptic seizures associated with CDD in patients two to 17 years of age. ZTALMY may be continued in patients 18 years of age and older. The EC decision is applicable to all 27 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. ZTALMY is the first treatment in the EU indicated for the treatment of seizures associated with CDD.

EC Post-Authorization Measures. In connection with the EC approval of ZTALMY for CDD, we have several post-marketing authorization measures. The clinical study report (CSR) for Study 1042-HME-1001 was submitted in September 2023. The ganaxolone Steady-State Metabolite Study report, the final Study 1042-CDD-3001 CSR with the open-label trial completion, the M17 in vitro DDI study, and the M17 in vivo PK study with Brain Penetrance were submitted in December 2023. The remaining post-marketing authorization measures include: participating in Study

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LLF001 (CANDID observational study) and providing annual updates; participating in the CDD-IPR-CDD-0 CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder International Patient Registry and providing six monthly updates; conducting a toxicity study with a sediment dwelling organism and an updated Environmental Risk Assessment; developing a sodium benzoate-free suspension and assessing the compatibility of the oral suspension with food, drinks, enteral tubes, shake time and stand time; conducting a 26-Week Oral Gavage Toxicity Study of M2; conducting a M2 Embryo-fetal Development study; and conducting a 26-week Oral Gavage Carcinogenicity Study of ganaxolone and M2. The EMA also requested weight of evidence (WoE) assessments to evaluate the need for a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats with ganaxolone, a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats with M2, and a juvenile toxicity study with M2. We expect to be able complete the remaining required studies within the requested EMA timeframe.

Our Pipeline

We are pursuing development of ganaxolone for selected indications based on the mechanism of action and clinical profile of ganaxolone, including the following programs:

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)

TSC is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-malignant tumors in the brain, skin, kidney, heart, eyes, and lungs. Rarely, patients may develop malignant tumors of the kidney, breast or thyroid gland. The condition is caused by inherited mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. It occurs with a frequency of approximately 1:6,000 live births, with a genetic mutation being found in 85% of patients. While the disease phenotype can be extremely variable, epilepsy occurs with a frequency of up to 85%. TSC is a leading cause of genetic epilepsy, often manifesting in the first year of life as either focal seizures or infantile spasms. There are currently few disease-specific treatments approved for seizures in TSC. Orphan drug designation for ganaxolone for the treatment in TSC was granted by the FDA in August 2021 and by the EMA in October 2021.

In August 2021, we announced top-line data from our open-label Phase 2 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of adjunctive oral ganaxolone in 23 patients with TSC-associated seizures. The trial enrolled 23 patients ages 2 to 32, who entered a four-week baseline period followed by a 12-week treatment period, during which they received up to 600 mg of ganaxolone (oral liquid suspension) three times a day. Patients who completed the initial 12-week treatment period were able to continue ganaxolone during an extension phase of the trial. The primary endpoint was the percent

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change in 28-day TSC-associated seizure frequency during the 12-week treatment period relative to the four-week baseline period. Secondary outcome measures included the percentage of patients experiencing a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in 28-day TSC-associated seizure frequency through the end of the 12-week treatment period compared to the 4-week baseline period.

The primary endpoint showed a median 16.6% reduction in 28-day frequency of TSC-associated seizures relative to the four-week baseline period. A secondary endpoint showed that the proportion of patients that achieved at least a 50% seizure reduction was 30.4%. During the trial, patients with focal seizures (n=19) showed a median 25.2% reduction in focal seizure frequency. Ganaxolone was generally well-tolerated with somnolence reported as the most common AE. In addition, one serious adverse event (SAE) of worsening seizures occurred, which was assessed by the investigator as treatment related. Four patients discontinued the trial due to AEs. Based on the reports of somnolence from the Phase 2 TSC trial, a revised titration schedule has been implemented in the Phase 3 TSC trial designed to improve tolerability while titrating to effective therapeutic ganaxolone levels. To date, there is a less than 7% discontinuation rate in the overall blinded study population in the Phase 3 TSC trial.

In response to our request for an end-of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA regarding a proposed Phase 3 TSC trial, the FDA provided written responses to our questions in lieu of a meeting. We believe the written responses show overall alignment on the clinical development plan in TSC, and with the FDA approval of CDD, that a single trial could serve as necessary support for regulatory approval of TSC in the U.S. In response to our request for Protocol Assistance, which is a special form of scientific advice available for developers of designated orphan medicines for rare diseases, the EMA provided written feedback in December 2021 in lieu of a meeting. We believe the written responses from the EMA, like those from the FDA, show overall alignment on the clinical development plan in TSC. After commencing site initiations in the U.S. and Europe in the first quarter of 2022, we are actively enrolling patients in this global Phase 3 randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial (TrustTSC trial) of adjunctive ganaxolone in approximately 128 patients with TSC-related seizures. Based on the sample size of 128 trial participants, the trial provides 90% power to detect a 25% difference in seizure reductions between ganaxolone and placebo. The trial has 93 sites activated, including several TSC centers of excellence, predominantly in the U.S., Western Europe, Canada, Australia, China and Israel. The primary endpoint is percent change in 28-day frequency of TSC-associated seizures, and we plan to announce top-line data in the fourth quarter of 2024.

In July 2023, the USPTO granted us a patent on a method of treating TSC-related epilepsy by administering oral ganaxolone. This issued patent expires in 2040. This patent is a member of a patent family we own that includes pending patent applications that claim certain therapeutic regimens for the treatment of TSC.

Status Epilepticus (SE)

SE is a life-threatening condition characterized by continuous, prolonged seizures or rapidly recurring seizures without intervening recovery of consciousness. If SE is not treated urgently, permanent neuronal damage may occur, which contributes to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with SE who do not respond to first-line benzodiazepine treatment are classified as having Established Status Epilepticus (ESE) and those who then progress to and subsequently fail at least one second-line antiepileptic drug (AED) are classified as having RSE. In RSE, synaptic GABA_A receptors are internalized into the neuron, resulting in decreased responsiveness to drugs such as benzodiazepines. RSE unresponsiveness to one or more second-line AEDs may require treatment with IV anesthesia to terminate seizures and prevent neuronal injury and other complications. The IV anesthetic is increased to a level that induces deep coma and is maintained at that rate for 24 hours or more. SE that recurs following an attempted wean of IV anesthesia is classified as super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). In April 2016, we were granted FDA orphan drug designation for the IV formulation of ganaxolone for the treatment of SE, which includes RSE.

In January 2021, we enrolled the first patient in the Phase 3 RAISE trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with RSE, who have failed two or more antiseizure medications. The RAISE trial has approximately 70 trial sites, primarily in the U.S. and Canada. It is designed to enroll approximately 124 patients who will be randomized to receive ganaxolone or placebo added to standard of care. We reached alignment with the FDA on a protocol amendment, including a proposal for an interim analysis when two-thirds of the patients (approximately 82) have completed assessment of the primary and key secondary trial endpoints. The enrollment target for the interim

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analysis was completed in the first quarter of 2024. On April 15, 2024, we announced that the independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) completed its review of the interim analysis. The trial did not meet the pre-defined interim analysis stopping criteria on the co-primary endpoints, and the DMC recommendation was that the RAISE trial may continue without modification. We have decided to complete enrollment in the RAISE trial at 100 patients with top-line results expected in the summer of 2024. Those results will be used to determine whether to continue development of IV ganaxolone in RSE. We remain blinded to the RAISE trial data. The co-primary endpoints for the RAISE trial are (1) proportion of patients who experience SE cessation within 30 minutes without use of other IV antiseizure medications, and (2) proportion of patients without progression to IV anesthesia for 36 hours. In June 2022, we announced that we amended the protocol for the RAISE trial to expand eligibility criteria, including allowing patients previously treated with up to 18 hours of high-dose IV anesthesia to enroll. Previously, we had excluded patients treated with high-dose IV anesthetics for any duration.

In February 2022, we temporarily paused the RAISE trial after routine monitoring of stability batches of clinical supply material indicated that it became necessary to reduce the shelf life to less than the anticipated 24 months to meet product stability testing specifications. We notified the FDA of this issue and our plans to proactively pause the trial, and we subsequently provided additional information to the FDA to support resuming trial activities. In May 2022, we announced that the trial had resumed utilizing new batches of the original buffer IV formulation of ganaxolone, and we implemented a reduced shelf life of 12 months. In agreement with the FDA, ganaxolone clinical supplies with the original buffer IV formulation would be stored under refrigerated conditions for the entire duration of clinical use. The shelf life of the original buffer IV formulation was updated to 18 months under refrigerated conditions, based on stability data which was submitted in the subsequent IND amendment in February 2023. Subsequently, we manufactured the IV ganaxolone formulation with a new buffer and are targeting a shelf life of 24 months at room temperature, pending the results of ongoing stability monitoring. The FDA agreed that in principle a buffer change in the ganaxolone IV formulation is acceptable but requested that additional information be submitted prior to use of the new buffer formulation in clinical trials. We submitted an IND amendment to the FDA in May 2023. All sites have been resupplied with the new buffer formulation, which we believe will not require refrigeration and is expected to have a shelf life of 24 months.

We commenced a separate Phase 3 RSE trial to support an MAA in Europe (RAISE II trial) in 2023. We have decided to discontinue the RAISE II trial. We plan to assess top-line results from the RAISE trial which we expect in the summer of 2024. Future development of IV ganaxolone in RSE will be assessed following review of the RAISE trial top-line data.

We gained alignment on the RAISE II trial design at a meeting with the EMA in the first quarter of 2021. The RAISE II trial was designed as a double blind, placebo-controlled registration trial targeting enrollment of 70 patients who have failed first-line benzodiazepine treatment and at least one second-line IV AED. Under the protocol, patients would receive either ganaxolone or placebo, administered in combination with a standard-of-care second-line IV AED. The simultaneous administration of a standard-of-care AED with the trial drug was designed to provide data complementary to that from the RAISE trial. There are two additional key differences between the RAISE and RAISE II trials. First, unlike the RAISE trial, which specified progression to IV anesthesia as constituting treatment failure, any escalation of care – whether an additional second-line IV AED or an IV anesthetic – will fulfill criteria for treatment failure in RAISE II. This aligns more closely with the European standard of practice for RSE in which IV anesthesia is used less commonly than in the U.S. Second, the primary endpoint for the RAISE II trial is based on a responder analysis, with response defined as SE cessation within 30 minutes and no escalation of care within 36 hours, rather than the co-primary endpoints in the RAISE trial, which require statistical significance to be achieved independently on both the 30-minute and 36-hour outcomes. Analysis of the RAISE data is expected to inform future development of IV ganaxolone in refractory status epilepticus, including whether the RAISE II trial or a similar trial design would move forward.

In 2023, we discontinued the RESET trial, a Phase 2 trial evaluating ganaxolone for the treatment of ESE. We have focused our resources for IV ganaxolone on our RSE trials (i.e., completing the RAISE trial and accelerating enrollment in the RAISE II trial), as well as developing a proof-of-concept trial in SRSE. SRSE is a life-threatening neurological emergency with high morbidity and mortality, and we have provided ganaxolone to physicians who have requested it for SRSE treatment under emergency investigational new drug (eIND) applications. To date, 29 patients

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have been treated for SRSE with ganaxolone. Based on our observations of treatment outcomes in these patients and pending the results of the top-line RAISE trial data which are expected in the summer of 2024, we plan to submit a protocol to the FDA for an open-label, proof-of-concept trial of ganaxolone in approximately 20 patients with SRSE.

On September 7, 2021, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted us a patent (US 11,110,100) on a method of treating SE which includes claims related to our clinical therapeutic regimen for the treatment of SE using IV ganaxolone. This issued patent expires in 2040. That patent is a member of a patent family we own that includes pending patent applications that claim certain therapeutic regimens for the treatment of SE, including RSE, using intravenous ganaxolone. The USPTO granted us a second patent for SE on June 20, 2023 (US 11,679,117) with new claims that cover therapeutic regiments in which high doses of ganaxolone are administered, which we believe is relevant for some patients, and strengthens our intellectual property portfolio for the treatment of SE, including SRSE, using ganaxolone.

In July 2022, the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 11,395,817 (Ovid ‘817 Patent) to Ovid Therapeutics, Inc. (Ovid) with claims that may encompass our product candidate for the treatment of SE. On March 15, 2023, we filed a petition seeking post-grant review (PGR) of the Ovid ‘817 Patent with the USPTO Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB). Our petition for PGR argues that the claims of the Ovid ‘817 Patent are unpatentable on multiple grounds. Ovid filed a preliminary response to our petition on June 20, 2023. In Ovid’s reply to our request for PGR, Ovid disclaimed claims 1-21, 23 and 24 of the Ovid ‘817 Patent, which has the effect of erasing these claims from the patent, irrespective of the outcome of the PGR. On August 17, 2023, the PTAB issued a decision granting institution of our petition seeking PGR of the Ovid ‘817 Patent. In instituting the PGR, the PTAB stated that it was more likely than not that we would be able to invalidate the remaining claims (22 and 25-31) of the Ovid ‘817 Patent during the proceeding. The decision to institute is not a final decision on the patentability of the claims. The final decision will be based on the full record developed during the proceeding. The PGR process is ongoing, oral arguments are scheduled for May 22, 2024, and a final decision is expected by August of 2024. If we prevail in the PGR, the Ovid ‘817 Patent will not be enforceable against us. If we do not prevail in the PGR proceeding, the decision can be appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. If an appeal is not successful, our ability to challenge the Ovid ‘817 Patent in court will be limited in certain respects.

On February 20, 2024, the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 11,903,930 (Ovid ‘930 Patent) to Ovid with claims that may encompass our product candidate for the treatment of SE. On March 5, 2024, the USPTO issued U.S. Patent No. 11,918,563 (Ovid ‘563 Patent) to Ovid with claims that may encompass our product candidate for the treatment of SE. We are evaluating the Ovid ‘930 Patent and the Ovid ‘563 Patent.

Ovid may file lawsuits against us alleging infringement of its patents. Any such proceedings, in the PTAB or courts, regardless of their outcome, would likely result in the expenditure of significant financial resources and the diversion of management’s time and resources. In addition, any such proceeding may cause negative publicity, adversely impact patients, and, while unlikely, we may be prohibited from marketing or selling ganaxolone for SE, including RSE, during such proceedings or if we are not successful in such proceedings. If Ovid does decide to bring an infringement lawsuit, we do not expect that it will be filed before a U.S. commercial launch of ganaxolone for RSE based upon the “safe harbor” provisions of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Act). We may need to acquire or obtain a license to certain Ovid patents to market or sell ganaxolone for RSE in the U.S., which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. If we are not able to acquire the certain Ovid patents or negotiate a license on acceptable terms, and if our product is determined to infringe Ovid’s patents and such patents are determined to be valid, then we may be forced to pay Ovid royalties, damages and costs, or, although unlikely, we may be prevented from commercializing ganaxolone for RSE in the U.S. altogether, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

The Ovid ‘817 Patent, the Ovid ‘930 Patent and the Ovid ‘563 Patent claims are limited to the use of ganaxolone in the treatment of SE and do not cover or impact our marketing and sales of ZTALMY for the treatment of seizures associated with CDD.

On March 24, 2024, Ovid filed an Inter Partes Review (IPR) challenge of our U.S. Patent 11,110,100 one of our patents for the use of ganaxolone in treating SE and RSE. We intend to file our preliminary response to the IPR by July

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11, 2024. Following our response, the PTAB will have 3 months to determine whether or not to institute the Ovid IPR. If the PTAB institutes the IPR, it will not be a final decision on the patentability of the patent’s claims. If instituted, a final decision on the patentability of the claims would be issued by the PTAB in October 2025 after consideration of the full record developed during the proceeding. If we do not prevail in the IPR proceeding, the decision can be appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. If an appeal is not successful, our ability to obtain patent protection for use of IV ganaxolone in the treatment of SE or RSE may be limited. The inability to obtain meaningful patent protection for the use of IV ganaxolone in the treatment of SE or RSE could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Clinical Development in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS), other epileptic encephalopathies, Prodrug Development and Second-generation Formulation

We plan to expand our investment in ZTALMY to explore its potential in the treatment of other rare epilepsies. Preliminary planning is underway for a clinical trial that would assess oral ganaxolone for the treatment of a broad range of epileptic encephalopathies, including LGS, targeted to begin in the first half of 2025, pending the top-line data results from our Trust TSC trial. LGS is a severe form of epilepsy that typically begins between one and eight years of age. Affected children have neurodevelopmental impairments and intractable seizures, including focal, atonic, tonic, generalized tonic-clonic and atypical absence seizures. In March 2023, the FDA granted orphan drug designation to ganaxolone for the treatment of LGS. This designation applies to the active moiety of ganaxolone and is not dependent on the formulation. Given the overlap in seizure types and etiologies with other disorders where ganaxolone has therapeutic potential, such as CDD and TSC, we believe that LGS represents a promising opportunity for ZTALMY, prodrug, or our second-generation ganaxolone formulation.

The development of ganaxolone prodrug compounds continues to advance with lead oral and IV candidates having been selected. We anticipate completion of IND-enabling studies for the oral prodrug in the first half of 2025, followed by IND filing and initiation of Phase 1 trials in 2025, pending the top-line data results from our Trust TSC trial.

Additionally, top-line data from a single ascending dose (SAD) Phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers utilizing the first candidate for a second generation formulation of ganaxolone demonstrated linear PK properties at doses of up to 1200 mg. Data from a subsequent phase 1 multiple ascending dose (MAD) trial also demonstrated linear kinetics through the range of doses assessed. Based on these results, we intend to apply extended-release technologies to the formulation, which could provide consistent exposure that maintains trough concentrations within the therapeutic range, minimizes peak dose-related side effects and allows once- or twice-daily dosing. The linear kinetics observed in the MAD trial, along with predictable dose-exposure relationships, may allow physicians to individualize dosing to patient needs.

On September 27, 2023, the USPTO issued a Notice of Allowance in an Ovid patent application with claims that encompass our product candidate for the treatment of LGS. This patent issued, U.S. Patent No. 11,806,336, on November 7, 2023. The claims in the Ovid LGS patent cover the use of ganaxolone in the treatment of LGS and do not cover or impact the use of ganaxolone in any other indication. Ovid may file a lawsuit against us alleging infringement of its LGS patent claims. Any such proceeding, regardless of the outcome, would likely result in the expenditure of significant financial resources and the diversion of management’s time and resources. In addition, any such proceeding may cause negative publicity, adversely impact patients, and we may be prohibited from marketing or selling ganaxolone for LGS during such proceeding or if we are not successful in such proceedings. If Ovid does decide to bring an infringement lawsuit, we do not expect that it will be filed before a commercial launch of ganaxolone for LGS based upon the “safe harbor” provisions of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Act). We may need to acquire or obtain a license to the Ovid LGS patent to market or sell ganaxolone for LGS, which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. If we are not able to acquire the Ovid LGS patent or negotiate a license on acceptable terms, and if our product is determined to infringe Ovid’s patent and such patent is determined to be valid, then we may be forced to pay Ovid royalties, damages and costs, or we may be prevented from commercializing ganaxolone for LGS altogether, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

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Operations

Our operations to date have consisted primarily of organizing and staffing our company, developing ganaxolone, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, raising capital, partnering ZTALMY in certain geographies and the early commercialization of ZTALMY. We have funded our operations primarily through sales of equity and debt securities. We recorded $7.5 million and $3.3 million of ZTALMY net sales in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Since inception, we have incurred negative cash flows from our operations, and other than for the three months ended September 30, 2022 due to a one-time net gain from the sale of our Priority Review Voucher (PRV), we have incurred net losses. We have generated limited product revenues, and there is no assurance that profitable operations will be achieved in the future, and if achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. We incurred Net losses of $38.7 million and $34.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2024 was $610.6 million.

We anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial losses in future periods as we:

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conduct multiple later stage clinical trials in targeted indications;

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continue the research, development and scale-up manufacturing capabilities to optimize ganaxolone and dose forms for which we may obtain regulatory approval;

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establish and implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities to continue to commercialize ganaxolone;

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conduct other preclinical studies and clinical trials to support the filing of NDAs with the FDA, MAAs with the EMA and other marketing authorization filings with regulatory agencies in other countries;

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acquire the rights to other product candidates and fund their development;

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maintain, expand and protect our global intellectual property portfolio;

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hire additional clinical, manufacturing, scientific and commercial personnel; and

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add or enhance operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our drug development efforts.

We had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $113.3 million as of March 31, 2024. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as of March 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, as well as maintain the minimum cash balance required under our debt facility, into the first quarter of 2025. This expectation includes cost reduction activities that are being implemented with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024. We will need to secure additional funding in the future, from one or more equity or debt financings, government funding, collaborations, licensing transactions, other commercial transactions or other sources in order to carry out all of our commercialization and planned research and development activities with respect to ganaxolone.

Financial Overview

Product Revenue, net

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ZTALMY is transferred to Orsini, which is upon delivery to Orsini. The transaction price that we recognize for ZTALMY revenue includes an estimate of variable consideration. Shipping and handling costs to Orsini are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses. The components of variable consideration include:

Trade Discounts and Allowances. We provide contractual discounts, including incentive prompt payment discounts and chargebacks. Each of these potential discounts are recorded as a reduction of ZTALMY revenue and accounts receivable in the period in which the related ZTALMY revenue is recognized. We estimate the amount of variable consideration for discounts and allowances using the expected value method.

Government Rebates. We are subject to discount obligations under state Medicaid programs, Medicare, and the Tricare Retail Refund Program. We estimate reserves related to these discount programs and record these obligations in the same period the related Product revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of Product revenue.

Patient Assistance. We offer a voluntary co-pay patient assistance program intended to provide financial assistance to eligible patients with a prescription drug co-payment required by payors and coupon programs for cash payors. The calculation of the current liability for this assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that we expect to receive associated with ZTALMY that has been recognized as Product revenue but remains in the distribution channel inventories at the end of each reporting period.

Federal Contract Revenue

In September 2020, we entered into a contract (BARDA Contract) with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. Under the BARDA Contract, we received an award of up to an estimated $51 million for development of IV-administered ganaxolone for the treatment of RSE. The BARDA Contract provides for funding to support, on a cost-sharing basis, the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial of IV-administered ganaxolone in patients with RSE, which covers the RAISE trial, funding of pre-clinical studies to evaluate IV-administered ganaxolone as an effective treatment for RSE due to chemical nerve gas agent exposure, and funding of certain ganaxolone manufacturing scale-up and regulatory activities. In March 2022, we entered into an amendment with BARDA to extend the end date of our base performance period for funding under the BARDA Contract from September 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. In September 2022, we entered into an amendment with BARDA that, among other things, (i) provides for the exercise of BARDA’s option under the BARDA Contract to support U.S. onshoring of the manufacturing capabilities for ganaxolone API (Option 2), (ii) changes the end date of our performance period under Option 2 from December 31, 2026 to July 31, 2025, (iii) increases the government cost share amount under Option 2 from approximately $11.5 million to approximately $12.3 million, and (iv) increases our cost share amount under Option 2 from approximately $4.9 million to approximately $5.3 million. In September 2023, we entered into an amendment with BARDA to extend the end date of our base performance period for funding under the BARDA Contract from December 31, 2023 to September 30, 2024.

The BARDA Contract consists of an approximately four-year base period, including the extension periods, during which BARDA agreed to provide up to approximately $21 million of funding for the RAISE trial on a cost share basis and funding of additional preclinical studies of ganaxolone in nerve agent exposure models. As of December 31, 2023, the entire base period funding of approximately $21 million had been recorded. Following successful completion of the RAISE trial and preclinical studies in the contract period, the BARDA Contract provides for approximately $31 million of additional BARDA funding for three options in support of ganaxolone manufacturing, supply chain, clinical, regulatory and toxicology activities, including the $12.3 million exercise of Option 2 as described above. Under the BARDA Contract, we will be responsible for cost sharing in the amount of approximately $33 million and BARDA will

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be responsible for approximately $52 million if all development options are completed. The contract period-of-performance (base period plus option exercises) is up to approximately five years.

We recognize Federal contract revenue from the BARDA Contract in the period in which the allowable research and development expenses are incurred. We expect Federal contract revenue to decrease as the entire base period funding of approximately $21 million had been recorded as of December 31, 2023. As such, funding is currently limited to Option 2, which supports onshoring of the manufacturing capabilities for ganaxolone API.

Collaboration Revenue

In July 2021, we entered into a collaboration agreement (Orion Collaboration Agreement) with Orion Corporation (Orion). Under the terms of the Orion Collaboration Agreement, we granted Orion an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to certain of our intellectual property rights with respect to commercializing biopharmaceutical products incorporating ganaxolone (Licensed Products) in the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom and Switzerland (collectively, the Territory) for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of certain human diseases, disorders or conditions (Field), initially in the indications of CDD, TSC and RSE.

Under the terms of the Orion Collaboration Agreement, we received a €25.0 million ($29.6 million at then-existing exchange rate) upfront payment from Orion in July 2021. We are eligible to receive up to an additional €97 million in R&D reimbursement and cash milestone payments based on specific clinical and commercial achievements. Also, as part of the overall arrangement, we have agreed to supply the Licensed Products to Orion at an agreed upon price.

We identified the following commitments under the arrangement: (i) exclusive rights to develop, use, sell, have sold, offer for sale and import any product comprised of Licensed Product (License); (ii) development and regulatory activities (Development and Regulatory Activities); and (iii) requirement to supply Orion with the Licensed Product at an agreed upon price (Supply of Licensed Product). We determined that these three commitments represent distinct performance obligations for purposes of recognizing revenue and will recognize license and collaboration revenue or a reduction of expense as we fulfill each performance obligation.

On November 16, 2022, we entered into a Collaboration and Supply Agreement (Tenacia Collaboration Agreement) with Tenacia Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Tenacia). Under the terms of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, we granted Tenacia an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to certain of our intellectual property rights to develop, commercialize and otherwise exploit certain products incorporating certain oral and intravenous formulations of the our product candidate ganaxolone (Licensed Products) in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (collectively, Territory) for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of certain human diseases, disorders or conditions (Field), initially for the treatment of CDD, TSC and SE (including RSE) (collectively, Initial Indications). The collaboration can be expanded to include additional indications and formulations of ganaxolone pursuant to a right of first negotiation.

Under the terms of the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, Tenacia agreed to pay us an upfront cash payment of $10 million (Upfront Fee) within forty-five (45) days after the Effective Date, which was received in December 2022. In addition to the Upfront Fee, Tenacia has agreed to make cash payments to us upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales-based milestones related to (i) the Initial Indications and (ii) the first new formulation or pro-drug of ganaxolone or any back-up compound of ganaxolone in a new indication (Selected Product) for which the parties amend the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement in connection with Tenacia’s exercise of its right of first negotiation and for which there is no other Licensed Product approved in China (for clarity, the milestone payments under this clause (ii) will only apply to one Selected Product), up to an aggregate amount of $256 million. Of the milestones, $15 million relates to regulatory approvals with separate milestones related to each of oral and intravenous formulations and the Selected Product, and an aggregate of $241 million of sales-based milestones are connected to annual revenue thresholds specific to each of the oral, intravenous and Selected Product formulations of ganaxolone. Tenacia has further agreed to pay us tiered royalty payments based on annual net sales of Licensed Products ranging from the low double digits to the mid-teens for each of the oral formulation, intravenous formulation and Selected Product formulation of Licensed Products. Tenacia’s obligations to pay royalties to us with respect to sales of a Licensed Product in each

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particular jurisdiction of the Territory will commence on the date of first commercial sale in such jurisdiction and expire upon the latest of (i) ten years following the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction, (ii) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of any licensed patent rights that covers such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction and (iii) the expiration of all regulatory exclusivities for such Licensed Product in such jurisdiction. Royalty payments are subject to reduction in specified circumstances as set forth in the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, including if net sales decrease by a certain percentage after the introduction of a generic product.

Tenacia will be primarily responsible for the development of Licensed Products in the Territory and regulatory interactions related thereto, including conducting and sponsoring clinical studies in the Field in the Territory to support regulatory filings in the Territory. All regulatory approvals filed by Tenacia in the Territory will be in the name of and owned by us unless otherwise required by applicable law, in which case such regulatory approvals would be in the name of and owned by Tenacia for the benefit of us. We and Tenacia agreed to enter into clinical and commercial supply agreements pursuant to which we will supply Tenacia with its requirements of Licensed Products necessary for Tenacia to develop and commercialize Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory. The parties entered into one such clinical and commercial supply agreement in May 2023. The agreement contains pricing, delivery, acceptance, payment, termination, forecasting, and other terms consistent with the Tenacia Collaboration Agreement, as well as certain quality assurance, indemnification, liability and other standard industry terms. Tenacia will be responsible for, at Tenacia’s sole cost and expense, obtaining regulatory approval and commercializing the Licensed Product in the Field in Mainland China. Tenacia is enrolling patients in our Phase 3 randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial (TrustTSC trial) of adjunctive ganaxolone.

In accordance with the guidance, we identified the following commitments under the arrangement: (i) grant to Tenacia the exclusive rights to develop, commercialize and otherwise exploit Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory (License) and (ii) requirement to supply Tenacia with the Licensed Product at an agreed upon price (Supply of Licensed Product). We determined that these two commitments represent distinct performance obligations for purposes of recognizing revenue or reducing expense, which we will recognize such revenue or expense, as applicable, as we fulfill these performance obligations.

We have also entered into agreements for commercialization of ganaxolone in other territories with (i) NovaMedica LLC (NovaMedica), whereby NovaMedica has the right to market and sell ganaxolone in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan, and (ii) Biologix FZCo (Biologix), whereby Biologix has the right to distribute and sell ganaxolone in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates. In exchange for these rights, we will be the exclusive supplier of our products to NovaMedica and Biologix on terms set forth in the respective agreements in exchange for a negotiated purchase price for the products. As of the first quarter of 2023, we had initiated limited sales of ZTALMY to NovaMedica to support on-going early access programs associated with patients from the Marigold Trial. We are in the process of initiating a global managed access program with Uniphar Durbin Ireland LTD to support physician access to ZTALMY for appropriate patients with seizures associated with CDD in geographies where there is no available patient access, local regulatory criteria and program eligibility are satisfied, and we do not already have a commercial distribution relationship in place. We continue to assess opportunities in other markets to further expand the distribution and commercialization of ganaxolone globally.

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Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of ganaxolone, which include:

●

employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense;

●

expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations (CROs) and investigative sites that conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies;

●

the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials;

●

facilities, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, enterprise technology, and other supplies;

●

costs associated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations; and

●

costs associated with developing new formulations and prodrugs of ganaxolone.

We expense research and development costs when we incur them. We record costs for some development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations and information our vendors provide to us.

We have and will incur substantial costs beyond our present and planned clinical trials in order to file an NDA and Supplemental NDAs, or MAAs outside the U.S., for ganaxolone for various clinical indications, and in each case, the nature, design, size and cost of further clinical trials and other studies will depend in large part on the outcome of preceding studies and trials and discussions with regulators. It is difficult to determine with certainty the costs and duration of our current or future clinical trials and preclinical studies, or if, when or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of ganaxolone if we obtain regulatory approval in other indications. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for ganaxolone in other indications and, if approved, we may not be successful in commercialization of ganaxolone in other indications. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of ganaxolone will depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of future clinical trials and preclinical studies, uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rate and significant and changing government regulation.

In addition, the probability of success for our clinical programs will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. See the Risk Factors section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 5, 2024 for more information with respect to such factors. Our continued commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance, if approved, among physicians, patients, healthcare payers and the medical community. We will determine which programs to pursue and how much to fund each program in response to the scientific and clinical success, as well as an assessment of commercial potential.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for executive, commercial and other administrative personnel and consultants, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses. Other Selling, general and administrative expenses include professional fees for commercial, legal, patent review, consulting and accounting services. Selling, general and administrative expenses are expensed when incurred.

Cost of Product Revenue

Cost of product revenue includes the cost of inventory sold, which includes direct manufacturing and supply chain costs. Also included in Cost of product revenue are royalty payments owed to Purdue Neuroscience Company (Purdue) and Ovid in accordance with the respective license agreements. We began capitalizing Inventory related to

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ZTALMY subsequent to the March 2022 FDA approval of ZTALMY, as the related costs were expected to be recoverable through the commercialization and subsequent sale of ZTALMY. Prior to FDA approval of ZTALMY, costs estimated at approximately $2 million for commercially saleable product and materials were incurred and included in Research and development expenses. As a result, Cost of product revenues related to ZTALMY initially reflected a lower average per unit cost of materials, and will continue to reflect a lower average per unit cost of materials through the second quarter of 2024, as previously expensed inventory is utilized for commercial production and sold to customers.

Interest Income

Interest income consists principally of interest earned on Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments balances.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest expense and amortization of debt discount related to our Notes Payable and our Revenue Interest Financing Payable.

Other Income, net

Other income and expense consist principally of non-operational transactions, gains or losses on disposal of fixed assets held for sale, foreign currency transactions, and fair value adjustments.

Results of Operations

Product Revenue, net

We recognized $7.5 million and $3.3 million of ZTALMY net product revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was primarily due to an increase in patients in the three months ended March 31, 2024 as ZTALMY had only recently become available for commercial sale and shipment in the comparable 2023 period.

Federal Contract Revenue

We recognized $0.2 million and $7.0 million of federal contract revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as a result of the BARDA Contract. The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period primarily related to expenses incurred in connection with on-going validation of a new third-party supplier of ganaxolone API in the 2023 period.

Collaboration Revenue

Collaboration revenue, which resulted from our agreement with Biologix, was less than $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. No collaboration revenue was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Research and Development Expenses

We record direct Research and development expenses, consisting principally of external costs, such as fees paid to investigators, consultants, central laboratories and CROs in connection with our clinical trials, and costs related to manufacturing, to specific product development programs. We do not allocate costs related to purchasing clinical trial materials, employee and contractor-related costs, costs associated with our facility expenses, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific product programs because these costs are deployed across multiple product programs under research and development and, as such, are not separately classified. The table below shows our research and development expenses incurred with respect to each active program. The primary drivers of our Research and development expenditures are currently in our product development programs for CDD, RSE, and TSC. We did not allocate research and development expenses to any other specific product development programs during the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (1)	$	218	$	1,240
PCDH19-related epilepsy (2)		47		94
Tuberous Sclerosis (3)		2,827		3,788
Drug Development – Suspension (4)		1,538		270
Oral Indications Subtotal		4,630		5,392

Status epilepticus (5)		4,216		3,002
Drug Development – IV (6)		1,423		8,489
IV Indications Subtotal		5,639		11,491

Other research and development (7)		1,864		1,196
Indirect research and development (8)		11,985		9,854
Total	$	24,118	$	27,933

(1)

The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due to decreased clinical trial activity in the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the 2023 period and increased activity associated with the MAA application and review in the three months ended March 31, 2023 with no comparable costs in the 2024 period.

(2)

The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to reduced clinical activity.

(3)

The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to decreased Phase 3 TSC trial activity in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and increased global site activity in the 2023 period.

(4)

The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to higher manufacturing development activity related to clinical trial batches than in the prior 2023 period.

(5)

The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to increased RAISE and RAISE II Phase 3 trial activity.

(6)

The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to the start-up costs associated with validation of a new third-party U.S. supplier of ganaxolone API in the 2023 period with no comparable costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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(7)

The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was due primarily to an increase in toxicology and other safety studies, as well as an increase in post-marketing studies. Other research and development expenses include external expenses associated with preclinical development of ganaxolone, including safety studies, stability studies, preclinical studies, including animal toxicology and pharmacology studies and studies related to post-marketing commitments, and other professional fees.

(8)

The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period was primarily related to increased personnel costs in support of our increased activity in preclinical studies, including safety and post-marketing studies, and manufacturing activities. Indirect research and development expenses include personnel costs and non-study specific research and development costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $18.6 million and $15.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The primary drivers of the increase for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the 2023 period were $1.5 million in increased commercial costs, $1.0 million in increased stock-based compensation costs, $0.6 million in increased personnel costs, and $0.6 million in increased professional fees, which were partially offset by a decrease of $0.3 million in software related expenses.

Interest Income

Interest income was $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and consisted of interest earned on Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments. The decrease was due to a decrease in Cash and cash equivalent and Short-term investments in the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $4.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included $2.2 million of interest paid and $0.5 million of debt amortization in connection with our Note Payable (Note 10 in accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements), and $1.6 million of non-cash interest expense and $0.1 million of debt amortization related to our Revenue interest financing payable (Note 11 in accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements).

Other Income, net

Other income, net was less than $0.1 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Other income, net consists principally of non-operational transactions, gains or losses on disposal of fixed assets held for sale, foreign currency transactions, and fair value adjustments

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have incurred negative cash flows from our operations, and other than for the three months ended September 30, 2022 due to a one-time net gain from the sale of our PRV, we have incurred net losses. We incurred a Net loss of $38.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Our Cash used in operating activities was $37.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $41.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Historically, we have financed our operations principally through the sale of common stock, notes payable, preferred stock and convertible debt.

In August 2022, we received a letter from Purdue in which Purdue claimed that it was owed $5.5 million by us from the sale of the PRV pursuant to the Purdue License Agreement. We responded to Purdue that we did not agree with their claim. In February 2024, following discussions with Purdue, we agreed to pay Purdue $4 million in respect of its

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claim. We paid the first installment of $2 million in March 2024. At March 31, 2024 we had $2.0 million accrued related to the second $2 million installment which will be paid on or before June 15, 2024.

In September 2023, in connection with the amended Equity Distribution Agreement (EDA) with JMP Securities LLC (JMP), we received net proceeds totaling approximately $25.9 million from the sale of 3.7 million shares of our common stock at an average price of $7.17 per share.

As of March 31, 2024, we had Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments of $113.3 million. We believe that our existing Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments as of March 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, as well as maintain the minimum cash balance required under our debt facility, into the first quarter of 2025. This expectation includes cost reduction activities that are being implemented with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024. We will need to secure additional funding in the future, from one or more equity or debt financings, government funding, collaborations, licensing transactions, other commercial transactions or other sources in order to carry out all of our commercialization and planned research and development activities with respect to ganaxolone.

Oaktree Credit Agreement

On May 11, 2021 (Closing Date) and as amended on May 17, 2021, May 23, 2022 and October 28, 2022 (Credit Agreement), we entered into the Credit Agreement with Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC as administrative agent (Oaktree) and the lenders party thereto (collectively, Lenders) that provided for a five-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate original principal amount of up to $125.0 million that was available to us in five tranches (collectively, Term Loans). As of March 31, 2024, we had drawn on three tranches with no additional funds available thereunder.

We received $15.0 million of Tranche A-1 Term Loans on the Closing Date, $30.0 million of Tranche A-2 Term Loans in September 2021 after formal acceptance by the FDA of an NDA filing relating to the use of ganaxolone in the treatment of CDD, and $30.0 million of Tranche B Term Loans in March 2022 after FDA approval of ZTALMY for CDD.

At the time of borrowing any tranche of the Term Loans, we were required to pay an upfront fee of 2.0% of the aggregate principal amount borrowed at that time.

In connection with the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard as described below, on October 28, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement to, among other things, allow for the consummation of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement and the transactions thereunder, and paid $0.3 million in administrative fees in connection with the execution of the amendment. In addition, the amendment increased the exit fee due by us upon any repayment, whether as a prepayment or a scheduled repayment, of the principal of the loans under the Credit Agreement from 2.00% to 2.67%.

Sagard Financing Agreement

In October 2022, we entered into a revenue interest financing agreement (the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement) with Sagard Healthcare Royalty Partners, LP (Sagard) pursuant to which we received $32.5 million.

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In exchange for the Investment Amount, we agreed to make quarterly payments to Sagard (Payments) as follows: (i) for each calendar quarter from and after the closing date of such financing through and including the quarter ended June 30, 2026, an amount equal to 7.5% of (a) our U.S. net sales of ZTALMY and all other pharmaceutical products that contain ganaxolone (Net Sales), in each case with any dosage form, dosing regimen, or strength, or any improvements related thereto (collectively, Included Products) and (b) certain other payments received by us in connection with the manufacture, development and sale of the Included Products in the U.S. (Other Included Payments, and, together with Net Sales, Product Revenue); and (ii) for each calendar quarter following the calendar quarter ended June 30, 2026, an amount equal to (x) 15.0% of the first $100 million in annual Product Revenue of the Included Products and (y) 7.5% of annual Product Revenue of the Included Products in excess of $100 million.

The Payments are subject to a hard cap equal to 190% ($61.8 million) of the Investment Amount (Hard Cap). Sagard’s right to receive payments will terminate when Sagard has received payments in respect of the Included Products, including any additional payments described below, equal to the Hard Cap. Further, we have the right to make voluntary prepayments to Sagard, and such payments will be credited against the Hard Cap.

If Sagard has not received aggregate payments equaling at least 100% of the Investment Amount by December 31, 2027 or at least 190% of the Investment Amount by December 31, 2032 (each, Minimum Amount), then we will be obligated to make a cash payment to Sagard in an amount sufficient to gross up Sagard up to the applicable Minimum Amount within a specified period of time after each reference date.

BARDA Contract

The BARDA Contract consists of an approximately four-year base period, including the extension periods, during which BARDA agreed to provide up to approximately $21 million of funding for the RAISE trial on a cost share basis and funding of additional preclinical studies of ganaxolone in nerve agent exposure models. As of December 31, 2023, the entire base period funding of approximately $21 million had been recorded. Following successful completion of the RAISE trial and preclinical studies in the base period and extension periods, the BARDA Contract provides for approximately $31 million of additional BARDA funding for three options in support of ganaxolone manufacturing, supply chain, clinical, regulatory and toxicology activities, including the $12.3 million exercise of Option 2 as described above. Under the BARDA Contract, we will be responsible for cost sharing in the amount of approximately $33 million and BARDA will be responsible for approximately $52 million if all development options are completed. The contract period-of-performance (base period plus option exercises) is up to approximately five years.

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Equity Financings

In connection with the closing of an equity financing in November 2022 and the December 2022 exercise of the related underwriters’ option, we issued a total of 12,421,053 shares of common stock and 2,105,264 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock in an underwritten public offering resulting in aggregate net proceeds of $64.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid or payable by us.

Equity Distribution Agreement

On July 9, 2020, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (EDA) with JMP Securities LLC (JMP), as amended by the March 31, 2023 Amendment No. 1 to the EDA (Amended EDA), to create an at the market equity program under which we from time to time may offer and sell shares of our common stock without a specified maximum aggregate offering price. The Amended EDA was entered into in connection with our filing of a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-271041) with the SEC (the 2023 Registration Statement), which includes a prospectus supplement covering the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $75,000,000 of shares of common stock that may be issued and sold under the Amended EDA. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Amended EDA, JMP will be entitled to a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares of our common stock. We did not sell any shares of our common stock during each the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 under the EDA.

Cash Flows

Operating Activities. Cash used in operating activities was $37.5 million and $41.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Excluding the noncash impacts primarily related to depreciation and amortization, debt issuance costs, interest accretion net of cash paid, stock-based compensation, and changes in the net contract assets/liabilities related to the Orion, Tenacia and Biologix Collaboration Agreements, the change in cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily the result of decreases in the changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses, including the $2.0 million installment to be paid to Purdue, other long term-liabilities, prepaid expenses, other current assets, inventory and accounts receivable as operating expenses remained relatively consistent.

Investing Activities. Cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 represents $20.9 million in maturities of Short-term investments. Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 represents $52.0 million in purchases of short-term investments.

Financing Activities. Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 represents $0.3 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was less than $0.2 million and represented other financing activities.

Funding Requirements

We had Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments of $113.3 million as of March 31, 2024. We believe that our existing Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments as of March 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, as well as maintain the minimum cash balance required under our debt facility, into the first quarter of 2025. This expectation includes cost reduction activities that are being implemented with expected impact beginning in the second quarter of 2024. We will need to secure additional funding in the future, from one or more equity or debt financings, government funding, collaborations, licensing

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transactions, other commercial transactions or other sources in order to carry out all of our commercialization and planned research and development activities with respect to ganaxolone. In order to meet these additional cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or convertible debt securities that may result in dilution to our stockholders, or engage in federal contracts or other partnerships. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of convertible debt securities, these securities could have rights senior to those of our common stock and could contain covenants that restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Our failure to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

●

the results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

●

the development, formulation and commercialization activities related to ganaxolone, including ZTALMY;

●

the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing ganaxolone, including ZTALMY, or any other future product candidates, and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials;

●

the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for ganaxolone, including ZTALMY in indications other than CDD in the U.S., EU, or other significant markets, and any other future product candidates in these markets;

●

the cost of commercialization activities for ZTALMY in CDD in the U.S., including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

●

the cost of commercialization activities for ZTALMY, ganaxolone in any other indications, or any other future product candidates, are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

●

the cost of manufacturing and formulating ganaxolone, or any other future product candidates, to internal and regulatory standards for use in preclinical studies, clinical trials and, if approved, commercial sale;

●

our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements;

●

our ability to receive funding under the BARDA Contract;

●

our expectations regarding the amount and timing of milestone and royalty payments owed to us pursuant to our collaboration and supply agreements with Orion for the commercialization of ganaxolone in Europe, our collaboration and supply agreements with Tenacia for the commercialization of ganaxolone in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and our exclusive distribution and supply agreement with Biologix for the distribution and supply of ganaxolone in the Middle East and North Africa region;

●

our expectations regarding the amount and timing of milestone and royalty payments owed by us pursuant to our Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard;

●

any product liability, infringement or other lawsuits related to ZTALMY or other indications being developed for ganaxolone and, if approved, products;

●

capital needed to attract and retain skilled personnel;

●

the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation; and

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●

the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, ZTALMY in CDD and on future approved products, if any.

Please see the Risk Factors section included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024 for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Discussion of Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to use judgment in making certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require difficult, subjective and complex judgments by management in order to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which we included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and was filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2024.

(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become subject to litigation and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceedings against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, except as follows:

Our future success is dependent on the successful clinical development, regulatory approval and continued commercialization of ganaxolone, which is being studied in several indications and will require significant capital resources and years of additional clinical development effort.

In March 2022, we received FDA approval of ZTALMY for CDD in the U.S., and in July 2023, we received EC approval of ZTALMY for CDD in the EU, and we plan to develop ganaxolone in several other geographic regions and additional indications in oral and IV formulations. As a result, our business is dependent on our ability to successfully complete clinical development, scale-up manufacturing, obtain regulatory approval, and, if it is approved, commercialize ganaxolone in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize additional indications or formulations of ganaxolone in the U.S. in any other indication without first obtaining regulatory approval from the FDA; similarly, we cannot commercialize additional indications or formulations of ganaxolone outside of the U.S. without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of ganaxolone for a target indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical studies and clinical trials and, with respect to approval in the U.S., to the satisfaction of the FDA, that ganaxolone is safe and effective for use for that target indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate.

Ganaxolone is metabolized extensively in animals and humans. During the development of CDD, one major metabolite (M2) was present in plasma of humans that was not found in plasma of rats or dogs. The chemical structure of M2 has been identified. An activity assay, dose range finding study in rats and an in vivo micronucleus with comet analysis for the detection of genotoxicity have been conducted and the results submitted to the FDA. The M17 in vitro drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was submitted in August 2023, and the M17 in vivo PK study with Brain Penetrance was submitted in December 2023. Results from additional preclinical studies are required by the FDA as post-marketing requirement(s). These include: 2-year carcinogenicity studies of ganaxolone and the major human unconjugated plasma metabolite, M2, in rats; a 26-week carcinogenicity of ganaxolone in transgenic mice; and a juvenile animal toxicity study of the major human unconjugated plasma metabolite, M2, in rats. Additional post-marketing requirements included: phase 1 renal and hepatic impairment studies and a thorough QTc study; and extractable/leachable study results on the container closure system. The Phase 1 renal impairment study commitment was submitted to the FDA in May 2022. The Phase 1 hepatic impairment study and the thorough QTc study were completed and submitted to the FDA in December 2022. The extractable/leachable study results on the container closure system were submitted to the FDA in July 2023. We plan to complete the required FDA studies within the required FDA timeframe. However, there is a risk that the studies could take longer than expected to complete or the studies may have adverse findings which may require additional investments and have the potential to materially impact the label or our ability to market ZTALMY.

In connection with the EC approval of ZTALMY for CDD, we have several post-marketing authorization measures. The clinical study report (CSR) for Study 1042-HME-1001 was submitted in September 2023. The ganaxolone Steady-State Metabolite Study report, the final Study 1042-CDD-3001 CSR with the open-label trial completion, the M17 in vitro DDI study, and the M17 in vivo PK study with Brain Penetrance were submitted in December 2023. The remaining post-marketing authorization measures include: participating in Study LLF001 (CANDID observational study) and providing annual updates; participating in the CDD-IPR-CDD-0 CDKL5 Deficiency

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Disorder International Patient Registry and providing six monthly updates; conducting a toxicity study with a sediment dwelling organism and an updated Environmental Risk Assessment; developing a sodium benzoate-free suspension and assessing the compatibility of the oral suspension with food, drinks, enteral tubes, shake time and stand time; conducting a 26-Week Oral Gavage Toxicity Study of M2; conducting a M2 Embryo-fetal Development study; and conducting a 26-week Oral Gavage Carcinogenicity Study of ganaxolone and M2. The EMA also requested weight of evidence (WoE) assessments to evaluate the need for a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats with ganaxolone, a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats with M2, and a juvenile toxicity study with M2. While we expect to be able complete the remaining required studies within the requested EMA timeframe, there is a risk that the studies could take longer or the studies may have adverse findings which may require additional investments and have the potential to materially impact the label or our ability to marker ZTALMY.

We are conducting the RAISE trial in RSE, which is a life-threatening medical condition involving prolonged seizure activity in seriously ill patients. The RAISE trial requires expertise in electroencephalogram (EEG) interpretation, which may be subject to variability, and the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities could find the data generated in this trial inadequate or difficult to interpret, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval for this indication. In April 2024, the independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) completed its review of the RAISE trial interim analysis. The trial did not meet the pre-defined interim analysis stopping criteria on the co-primary endpoints, and the DMC recommendation was that the trial may continue without modification. We have decided to complete enrollment in the RAISE trial at 100 patients with top-line results expected in the summer of 2024. Based on this interim analysis, there is a substantial risk that the Phase 3 clinical trial of ganaxolone in RAISE will not generate data that is sufficient to support regulatory approvals for this indication. Additionally, the clinical trial endpoints of the RAISE trial are based on treatment outcomes, including initiation of anesthesia for treatment of RSE. Practice variability in the use of anesthesia for SE treatment could adversely impact the ability to show a treatment effect with ganaxolone. Even if the RAISE trial shows that ganaxolone is effective, there is a risk that the FDA will require more safety data generated with IV ganaxolone at the doses given to patients in this trial before approving an NDA or require post approval commitments to generate additional safety data as a condition of approval ganaxolone for use in RSE.

In August 2021, we reported data from an open-label, single-arm Phase 2 trial evaluating the safety and effectiveness of adjunctive oral ganaxolone treatment in 23 patients with TSC. The primary endpoint showed a median 16.6% reduction in 28-day frequency of TSC-associated seizures relative to the four-week baseline period. In addition, data from the Phase 2 TSC trial suggested that in patients on concomitant Epidiolex, early elevation of ganaxolone blood levels occurred and appeared to be linked to greater somnolence. A formal Phase 1 drug-drug interaction trial was completed, demonstrating a lack of significant interaction between ganaxolone and Epidiolex. Additionally, the titration schedule for all subjects in the Phase 3 TSC trial has been adjusted to maximize tolerability. Undesirable side effects could delay clinical trials and result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities requiring us to conduct additional studies or trials for our product candidate either prior or post-approval, such as additional drug-drug interaction studies or safety or efficacy studies, or it may object to elements of our clinical development program. There is also a risk that the Phase 3 clinical trial of ganaxolone in TSC will generate data that is not sufficient to support regulatory approvals for this indication.

Even if ganaxolone were to obtain approval from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for TSC, RSE, or any other indication under development, any approval might contain significant limitations, such as restrictions as to specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval trial or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for ganaxolone in these additional indications in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding or generate sufficient revenue to continue the development of any other indications for ganaxolone or any other product candidate that we may in-license, develop or acquire in the future. Furthermore, even with regulatory approval for ganaxolone, we will still need to develop a commercial organization, establish commercially viable pricing and obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payers. If we are unable to successfully commercialize ganaxolone, we may not be able to earn sufficient revenue to continue our business.

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We are conducting clinical development activities for ganaxolone across multiple indications, and such clinical development activities may not produce favorable results, which could adversely impact our ability to achieve regulatory approval for ganaxolone in such indications.

We are conducting clinical development activities for ganaxolone across multiple indications. Success in preclinical studies and early clinical trials in one indication does not ensure that later clinical trials in such indication or other indications will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ganaxolone in one or more indications. Furthermore, unfavorable clinical trial results in one ganaxolone indication may adversely impact our ability to continue to develop such indication or other ganaxolone indications. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier studies and clinical trials. For example, while ganaxolone showed statistical separation from placebo in a Phase 2 clinical trial in adjunctive treatment of adults with focal onset seizures, it failed to show a similar statistically significant separation in a Phase 3 clinical trial for the same indication. As a result, we discontinued our program in adult focal onset seizures and began to focus our efforts on advancing ganaxolone in RSE and pediatric orphan genetic epilepsy indications. Further, in April 2024, the independent DMC completed its review of the RAISE trial interim analysis and found that the trial did not meet the pre-defined interim analysis stopping criteria on the co-primary endpoints, and the DMC recommendation was that the trial may continue without modification. We have decided to complete enrollment in the RAISE trial at 100 patients with top-line results expected in the summer of 2024. Based on this interim analysis, there is a substantial risk that the Phase 3 clinical trial of ganaxolone in RAISE will not generate data that is sufficient to support regulatory approvals for this indication. We do not know whether the clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market ganaxolone in any particular jurisdiction or indication. If clinical trials underway or conducted in the future do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for ganaxolone in those indications may be adversely impacted. Further, even if we believe the data collected from our clinical trials of ganaxolone are promising, these data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. Pre-clinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways. Accordingly, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities could interpret these data in different ways from us, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Item 5. Other Information

Trading Plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as those terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K), except as follows:


Name	Title	Reporting Action	Plan Start Date	Plan End Date	Shares of Common Stock to be Sold	Intended to Satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c)?
Elan Ezickson	Director	Plan Adoption	January 18, 2025	January 31, 2025	1,600	Yes
Marvin H. Johnson, Jr.	Director	Plan Adoption	June 10, 2024	June 10, 2025	6,999	Yes
Sarah Noonberg, M.D., Ph.D.	Director	Plan Adoption	January 18, 2025	January 31, 2025	To be determined as sale of common stock to cover tax obligation related to expected January 2025 RSU vesting	Yes
Christina Shafer	Chief Commercial Officer	Plan Adoption	June 10, 2024	June 10, 2025	236,932	Yes

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Exhibit Description

3.1		Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on August 7, 2014.)
3.2		Certificate of Amendment of the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on April 2, 2020.)
3.3		Certificate of Amendment of the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on May 27, 2020.)
3.4		Certificate of Amendment of the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on September 22, 2020.)
3.5		Certificate of Amendment of the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K current report filed on September 22, 2020.)
3.6		Amended and Restated By-laws. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K current report filed on August 7, 2014.)
3.7		Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series A Participating Convertible Preferred Stock. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on December 13, 2019.)
3.8		Delaware Certificate of Change of Registered Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.8 to Form 10-Q quarterly report filed on May 12, 2022.)
4.1		Specimen Certificate evidencing shares of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s common stock. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form S-1/A registration statement filed on July 18, 2014.)
4.2		Form of Pre-funded Warrant to Purchase Common Stock. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K current report filed on November 10, 2022.)
31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15a-14(a) under the Exchange Act (filed herewith.)
31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15a-14(a) under the Exchange Act (filed herewith.)
32.1		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of principal executive officer and principal financial officer (furnished herewith.)
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ SCOTT BRAUNSTEIN, M.D.	President, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer), Chairman of the Board and Director	May 8, 2024
Scott Braunstein, M.D.		May 8, 2024

/s/ STEVEN PFANSTIEL	Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	May 8, 2024
Steven Pfanstiel		May 8, 2024

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, Scott Braunstein, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: May 8, 2024	/s/ Scott Braunstein, M.D.
	Scott Braunstein, M.D.
	Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, Steven Pfanstiel, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

4
Date: May 8, 2024	/s/ Steven Pfanstiel
	Steven Pfanstiel,
	Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

In connection with the quarterly report of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned, in the capacities and on the date indicated below, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

4
Date: May 8, 2024	/s/ Scott Braunstein
	Chief Executive Officer and Director
	(Principal executive officer)

Date: May 8, 2024	/s/ Steven Pfanstiel
	Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
	(Principal financial and accounting officer)

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
Document and Entity Information - shares	Mar. 31, 2024	May 03, 2024
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-36576
Entity Registrant Name	MARINUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	20-0198082
Entity Address, Address Line One	5 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 500
Entity Address, Address Line Two	100 Matsonford Rd
Entity Address, City or Town	Radnor
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	19087
City Area Code	484
Local Phone Number	801-4670
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	MRNS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		54,933,774
Entity Central Index Key	0001267813
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 104,253	$ 120,572
Short-term investments	9,000	29,716
Accounts receivable, net	3,513	3,799
Inventory	5,783	2,413
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	8,727	8,746
Total current assets	131,276	165,246
Property and equipment, net	3,735	3,843
Other assets	2,339	1,819
Total assets	137,350	170,908
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	6,125	4,003
Current portion of notes payable	15,401	11,551
Current portion of revenue interest financing payable	2,511	2,211
Accrued expenses	18,721	22,859
Total current liabilities	42,758	40,624
Notes payable, net of deferred financing costs	58,072	61,423
Revenue interest financing payable, net of deferred financing costs	34,642	33,766
Contract liabilities, net	17,730	17,545
Other long-term liabilities	582	785
Total liabilities	153,784	154,143
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized, 54,938,349 issued and 54,931,042 outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 54,585,428 issued and 54,578,121 outstanding at December 31, 2023	55	55
Additional paid-in capital	594,106	588,656
Treasury stock at cost, 7,307 shares at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(20)
Accumulated deficit	(610,595)	(571,926)
Total stockholders' (deficit) equity	(16,434)	16,765
Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity	$ 137,350	$ 170,908

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	150,000,000	150,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	54,938,349	54,585,428
Common stock, shares outstanding	54,931,042	54,578,121
Treasury stock, shares	7,307	7,307

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue:
Federal contract revenue	$ 152	$ 7,048
Total revenue	7,679	10,380
Expenses:
Research and development	24,118	27,933
Selling, general and administrative	18,626	15,204
Total expenses	43,500	43,343
Loss from operations	(35,821)	(32,963)
Interest income	1,462	2,343
Interest expense	(4,346)	(4,147)
Other income, net	36	37
Net loss applicable to common shareholders	$ (38,669)	$ (34,730)
Per share information:
Net loss per share of common stock-basic	$ (0.68)	$ (0.67)
Net loss per share of common stock-diluted	$ (0.68)	$ (0.67)
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	56,851,811	51,769,685
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	56,851,811	51,769,685
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	$ 20	$ 74
Total comprehensive loss	(38,649)	(34,656)
Product revenue, net
Revenue:
Revenue	7,509	3,332
Expenses:
Cost of product revenue	756	$ 206
Collaboration revenue
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 18

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (38,669)	$ (34,730)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	131	157
Amortization of debt issuance costs	609	480
Accretion of revenue interest financing debt, net of cash paid	1,065	1,440
Amortization of discount on short-term investments	(149)	(228)
Stock-based compensation expense	5,193	3,741
Amortization of net contract asset/liability	(337)	(413)
Noncash lease expense	47	53
Noncash lease liability	224	96
Write off of fixed assets		62
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Net contract asset/liability	522	544
Prepaid expenses and other current assets, non-current assets, inventory and accounts receivable	(3,833)	(8,963)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,264)	(3,717)
Net cash used in operating activities	(37,461)	(41,478)
Cash flows from investing activities
Maturities of short-term investments	20,885
Purchases of short-term investments		(51,995)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	20,885	(51,995)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	257
Other cash flows from financing activities		(174)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	257	(174)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(16,319)	(93,647)
Cash and cash equivalents-beginning of period	120,572	240,551
Cash and cash equivalents-end of period	104,253	146,904
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	20	74
Cash paid for interest during the period	$ 2,671	$ 2,156

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF (DEFICIT) EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance Beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 4,043	$ 50	$ 542,428			$ (430,521)	$ 116,000
Balance Beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	4,300	49,642,767		7,307
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Stock-based compensation expense			3,741				3,741
Net issuance of common stock in connection with the vesting of restricted stock (in shares)		22,350
Unrealized gain on short-term investments					$ 74		74
Net Income (Loss)						(34,730)	(34,730)
Balance Ending at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 4,043	$ 50	546,169		74	(465,251)	85,085
Balance Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	4,300	49,665,117		7,307
Balance Beginning at Dec. 31, 2023		$ 55	588,656		(20)	(571,926)	16,765
Balance Beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		54,578,121		7,307
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Stock-based compensation expense			5,193				5,193
Exercise of stock options			257				257
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		57,665
Net issuance of common stock in connection with the vesting of restricted stock (in shares)		295,256
Unrealized gain on short-term investments					$ 20		20
Net Income (Loss)						(38,669)	(38,669)
Balance Ending at Mar. 31, 2024		$ 55	$ 594,106			$ (610,595)	$ (16,434)
Balance Ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024		54,931,042		7,307

Description of the Business and Liquidity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Description of the Business and Liquidity

Description of the Business and Liquidity

1. Description of the Business and Liquidity

Liquidity

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Use of Estimates

Product Revenue, net

Federal Contract Revenue

Short-term Investments

Accounts Receivable, net

Inventory

Debt Issuance Costs

Contract Liabilities, net

Liability Related to Revenue Interest Financing and Non-Cash Interest Expense

Collaboration and Licensing Revenue

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

The following table provides details regarding our portfolio of Short-term investments (in thousands) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

March 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000
Total	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000


December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities	$	26,852	$	138	$	(155)	$	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities		2,884		31		(34)		2,881
Total	$	29,736	$	169	$	(189)	$	29,716

Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

4. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:

●

Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

●

Level 2 — Valuations based on observable inputs and quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities.

●

Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and models that are significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2024
Assets
Cash	$	1,420	$	—	$	—	$	1,420
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		102,833		—		—		102,833
U.S. Treasury securities		—		9,000		—		9,000
Total assets	$	104,253	$	9,000	$	—	$	113,253
December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash	$	1,255	$	—	$	—	$	1,255
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		119,317		—		—		119,317
U.S. Treasury securities		—		26,835		—		26,835
Agency securities		—		2,881		—		2,881
Total assets	$	120,572	$	29,716	$	—	$	150,288

Inventory

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory

Inventory

5. Inventory

Inventories are stated at actual costs and consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	3,600	$	436
Work in process		1,591		1,075
Finished goods		592		902
Total Inventories	$	5,783	$	2,413

Accrued Expenses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accrued Expenses

Accrued Expenses

6. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Payroll and related costs	$	2,830	$	7,746
Clinical trials and drug development		5,694		4,701
Accrued license agreement payment		2,000		4,000
Professional fees		1,669		1,236
Selling and commercial liabilities		4,502		3,901
Short-term lease liabilities		1,306		774
Other		720		501
Total accrued expenses	$	18,721	$	22,859

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

7. Loss Per Share of Common Stock

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding, as they would be anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024	2023
Convertible preferred stock	—	860,000
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units	2,293,878	1,542,115
Stock options	8,671,041	7,143,397
	10,964,919	9,545,512

Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Stock Options

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

Total compensation cost recognized for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units in the statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,832	$	1,342
Selling, general and administrative		3,361		2,399
Total	$	5,193	$	3,741

Preferred Stock

Underwritten Public Offering

Sales Pursuant to Equity Distribution Agreement

Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases

Leases

9. Leases

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):




Remainder of 2024	$	1,073
2025		955
		2,028
Less: imputed interest		(140)
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

Current operating lease liabilities	$	1,306
Non-current operating lease liabilities		582
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

Notes Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Notes Payable

Notes Payable

10. Notes Payable

The following table summarizes the composition of Notes payable as reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):


Gross proceeds	$	75,000
Contractual exit fee		2,003
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		(3,530)
Total note payable	$	73,473

Current portion of note payable		15,401
Non-current portion of note payable		58,072
Total note payable	$	73,473

The aggregate maturities of Notes payable as of March 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	11,250
2025		15,000
2026		48,750
Total	$	75,000

Revenue Interest Financing Agreement

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue Interest Financing Payable

Revenue Interest Financing Payable

11. Revenue Interest Financing Agreement

In connection with the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, on the Closing Date, we entered into the Credit Agreement Amendment with Oaktree which is fully described in Note 10.

The following table summarizes the activity of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024 (in thousands):



For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2022	$	30,877
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2023		1,440
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2023		71
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2023		(174)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability		1,321
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		30,893
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2023	$	35,977
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024		1,556
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2024		111
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2024		(491)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability	$	2,511
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		34,642
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

Collaboration Revenue

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Collaboration Revenue

Collaboration Revenue

12. Collaboration Revenue

Orion Collaboration Agreement

Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of December 31, 2023:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,511		4,206
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,171	$	13,709

Less Total Contract Asset						2,912
Net Contract Liability					$	10,797

Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of March 31, 2024:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March, 2024		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,848		3,869
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,508	$	13,372

Less Total Contract Asset						2,372
Net Contract Liability					$	11,000

Tenacia Collaboration Agreement

Transaction Price and Net Contract Liability as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	2,998	$	2,998	$	-
Supply of Licensed Product		7,002		-		7,002
	$	10,000	$	2,998	$	7,002

Less Total Contract Asset						700
Net Contract Liability					$	6,302

Biologix Distribution and Supply Agreement

Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

13. Subsequent Events

modification. We have decided to complete enrollment in the RAISE trial at 100 patients with top-line results expected in the summer of 2024.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	3 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Mar. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) as well as the accounts of Marinus Pharmaceuticals Emerald Limited (an Ireland company incorporated in February 2021), a wholly owned subsidiary requiring consolidation. Marinus Pharmaceuticals Emerald Limited serves as a corporate presence in the European Union for regulatory purposes. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Accordingly, they do not include all information and disclosures necessary for a presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP) for annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting primarily of normal recurring accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and accompanying notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates.
Product Revenue, net	Product Revenue, net We recognize ZTALMY revenue in accordance with ASC 606 – Revenue from contracts with customers. Our revenue recognition analysis consists of the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods are performance obligations, including whether they are capable of being distinct; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue as we satisfy each performance obligation. Our first FDA approved product, ZTALMY, became available for commercial sale and shipment in the third quarter of 2022. We have three customers, one of which, Orsini Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (Orsini), a specialty pharmacy that dispenses ZTALMY directly to patients, represents approximately 99% of our ZTALMY revenue to date. Our contract with Orsini has a single performance obligation to deliver ZTALMY upon receipt of a purchase order, which is satisfied when Orsini receives ZTALMY. We recognize ZTALMY revenue at the point in time when control of ZTALMY is transferred to Orsini, which is upon delivery to Orsini. The transaction price that we recognize for ZTALMY revenue includes an estimate of variable consideration. Shipping and handling costs to Orsini are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses. The components of variable consideration include: Trade Discounts and Allowances. We provide contractual discounts, including incentive prompt payment discounts and chargebacks. Each of these potential discounts is recorded as a reduction of ZTALMY revenue and Accounts receivable in the period in which the related ZTALMY revenue is recognized. We estimate the amount of variable consideration for all discounts and allowances using the expected value method. Product Returns and Recall. We provide for ZTALMY returns in accordance with our Return Good Policy. We estimate the amount of ZTALMY that may be returned using the expected value method, and we present this amount as a reduction of ZTALMY revenue in the period the related ZTALMY revenue is recognized. In the event of a recall, we will promptly notify Orsini and will reimburse Orsini for direct administrative expenses incurred in connection with the recall as well as the cost of replacement product. Government Rebates. We are subject to discount obligations under state Medicaid programs, Medicare and the Tricare Retail Refund Program. We estimate reserves related to these discount programs and record these obligations in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of ZTALMY revenue. Patient Assistance. We offer a voluntary co-pay patient assistance program intended to provide financial assistance to eligible patients with a prescription drug co-payment required by payors and coupon programs for cash payors. The calculation of the Current liability for this assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that we expect to receive associated with ZTALMY that has been recognized as Product revenue but remains in the distribution channel inventories at the end of each reporting period.
Federal Contract Revenue	Federal Contract Revenue We recognize Federal contract revenue from the BARDA Contract in the period in which the allowable research and development expenses are incurred, and receivables associated with this revenue are included within Accounts receivable, net on our interim consolidated balance sheets. This revenue is not within the scope of ASC 606 – Revenue from contracts with customers.
Short-Term Investments	Short-term Investments We classify our Short-term investments as available-for-sale securities, which include U.S. government agency debt securities and U.S. treasury debt securities with original maturities of greater than three months. These securities are carried at fair market value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in Other comprehensive loss and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity. All of our investments were short-term in nature as of March 31, 2024.
Accounts Receivable, net	Accounts Receivable, net Net trade receivables related to ZTALMY sales, which are recorded in Accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets, were approximately $2.8 million and $2.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no allowance for doubtful accounts. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined based on our assessment of the credit worthiness and financial condition of our customers, aging of receivables, as well as the general economic environment. Any allowance would reduce the net receivables to the amount that is expected to be collected. We have three customers, one of which, Orsini Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (Orsini), a specialty pharmacy that dispenses ZTALMY directly to patients, represents approximately 99% of our ZTALMY revenue to date. Payment terms for Orsini are 30 days from the shipment date. Excluding net trade receivables, Accounts receivable, net represents amounts due to us under the BARDA contract for valid expenditures expected to be reimbursed to us under the terms of the BARDA contract and current amounts due to us from Orion Corporation (Orion) under the collaboration agreement (Note 12).
Inventory	Inventory Inventories are recorded using actual costs and may consist of raw materials (ganaxolone API), work in process and finished goods. We began capitalizing Inventory related to ZTALMY subsequent to the March 2022 FDA approval of ZTALMY, as the related costs were expected to be recoverable through the commercialization and subsequent sale of ZTALMY. Prior to FDA approval of ZTALMY, costs estimated at approximately $2 million for commercially saleable product and materials were incurred and included in Research and development expenses. As a result, Cost of product revenues related to ZTALMY initially reflected a lower average per unit cost of materials, and will continue to reflect a lower average per unit cost of materials through the second quarter of 2024, as previously expensed inventory is utilized for commercial production and sold to customers.
Debt Issuance Costs	Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with Note payable (Note 10) and Revenue interest financing payable (Note 11) are amortized to Interest expense over the term of the respective financing arrangement using the effective-interest method. Debt issuance costs, net of related amortization, are deducted from the carrying value of the related debt.
Contract Liabilities, net	Contract Liabilities, net When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to completing our performance obligation to the customer under the terms of a contract, a Contract liability is recorded. Contract liabilities expected to be recognized as revenue or a reduction of expense within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as Current liabilities. Contract liabilities not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as Long-term liabilities. In accordance with ASC 210-20, our Contract liabilities were partially offset by our Contract assets at March 31, 2024, as further discussed in Note 12.
Liability Related to Revenue Interest Financing and Non-Cash Interest Expense	Liability Related to Revenue Interest Financing and Non-Cash Interest Expense In October 2022, we recognized a liability related to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard Healthcare Royalty Partners, LP (Sagard) under ASC 470-10 Debt and ASC 835-30 Interest - Imputation of Interest. The initial funds received by us from Sagard pursuant to the terms of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement were recorded as a liability and will be accreted under the effective interest method upon the estimated amount of future royalty payments to be made pursuant to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement. The issuance costs were recorded as a direct deduction to the carrying amount of the liability and will be amortized under the effective interest method over the estimated period the liability will be repaid. We estimated the total amount of future product revenue to be generated over the life of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, and a significant increase or decrease in these estimates could materially impact the liability balance and the related Interest expense. If the timing or amounts of any estimated future revenue and related payments change, we will prospectively adjust the effective interest and the related amortization of the liability and related issuance costs. The liability related to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with Sagard is further discussed in Note 11.
Collaboration and Licensing Revenue	Collaboration and Licensing Revenue We may enter into collaboration and licensing arrangements for research and development, manufacturing, and commercialization activities with counterparties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. These arrangements may contain multiple components, such as (i) licenses, (ii) research and development activities, and (iii) the manufacturing of certain material. Payments pursuant to these arrangements may include non-refundable and refundable payments, payments upon the achievement of significant regulatory, development and commercial milestones, sales of product at certain agreed-upon amounts, and royalties on product sales. The amount of variable consideration is constrained until it is probable that the revenue is not at a significant risk of reversal in a future period. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under a collaboration agreement, we perform the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are capable of being distinct; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue as we satisfy each performance obligation. We must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgment to determine the underlying stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation, which determines how the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations. The estimation of the stand-alone selling price may include such estimates as forecasted revenues and costs, development timelines, discount rates and probabilities of regulatory and commercial success. We also apply significant judgment when evaluating whether contractual obligations represent distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction price to performance obligations within a contract, determining when performance obligations have been met, assessing the recognition and future reversal of variable consideration and determining and applying appropriate methods of measuring progress for performance obligations satisfied over time.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

Schedule of short-term investments


	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

March 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000
Total	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000


December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities	$	26,852	$	138	$	(155)	$	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities		2,884		31		(34)		2,881
Total	$	29,736	$	169	$	(189)	$	29,716

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of major categories of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2024
Assets
Cash	$	1,420	$	—	$	—	$	1,420
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		102,833		—		—		102,833
U.S. Treasury securities		—		9,000		—		9,000
Total assets	$	104,253	$	9,000	$	—	$	113,253
December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash	$	1,255	$	—	$	—	$	1,255
Money market funds (cash equivalents)		119,317		—		—		119,317
U.S. Treasury securities		—		26,835		—		26,835
Agency securities		—		2,881		—		2,881
Total assets	$	120,572	$	29,716	$	—	$	150,288

Schedule of short-term investments


	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

March 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000
Total	$	9,000	$	155	$	(155)	$	9,000


December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities	$	26,852	$	138	$	(155)	$	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities		2,884		31		(34)		2,881
Total	$	29,736	$	169	$	(189)	$	29,716

Inventory (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory

Schedule of inventory


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	3,600	$	436
Work in process		1,591		1,075
Finished goods		592		902
Total Inventories	$	5,783	$	2,413

Accrued Expenses (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accrued Expenses

Schedule of accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Payroll and related costs	$	2,830	$	7,746
Clinical trials and drug development		5,694		4,701
Accrued license agreement payment		2,000		4,000
Professional fees		1,669		1,236
Selling and commercial liabilities		4,502		3,901
Short-term lease liabilities		1,306		774
Other		720		501
Total accrued expenses	$	18,721	$	22,859

Loss Per Share of Common Stock (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Schedule of the computation of basic and diluted loss per share

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024	2023
Convertible preferred stock	—	860,000
Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units	2,293,878	1,542,115
Stock options	8,671,041	7,143,397
	10,964,919	9,545,512

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Stockholders' Equity

Schedule of total compensation cost recognized in the statement of operations

Total compensation cost recognized for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units in the statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,832	$	1,342
Selling, general and administrative		3,361		2,399
Total	$	5,193	$	3,741

Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases

Schedule of maturities of operating lease liabilities

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):




Remainder of 2024	$	1,073
2025		955
		2,028
Less: imputed interest		(140)
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

Current operating lease liabilities	$	1,306
Non-current operating lease liabilities		582
Total lease liabilities	$	1,888

Notes Payable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Notes Payable

Summary of composition of notes payable

The following table summarizes the composition of Notes payable as reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):


Gross proceeds	$	75,000
Contractual exit fee		2,003
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs		(3,530)
Total note payable	$	73,473

Current portion of note payable		15,401
Non-current portion of note payable		58,072
Total note payable	$	73,473

Schedule of maturities of notes payable over the next five years

The aggregate maturities of Notes payable as of March 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	11,250
2025		15,000
2026		48,750
Total	$	75,000

Revenue Interest Financing Agreement (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue Interest Financing Payable

Summary of the activity of revenue interest financing agreement

The following table summarizes the activity of the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024 (in thousands):



For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2022	$	30,877
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2023		1,440
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2023		71
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2023		(174)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability		1,321
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		30,893
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2023	$	32,214

For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at December 31, 2023	$	35,977
Non-cash interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2024		1,556
Amortization of debt discount in the three months ended March 31, 2024		111
Payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2024		(491)
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

Current portion of revenue interest financing liability	$	2,511
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability		34,642
Revenue Interest Financing Balance at March 31, 2024	$	37,153

Collaboration Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Collaboration Revenue

Schedule of allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,511		4,206
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,171	$	13,709

Less Total Contract Asset						2,912
Net Contract Liability					$	10,797


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March, 2024		Liability
License	$	21,660	$	21,660	$	-
Development and Regulatory Services		6,717		2,848		3,869
Supply of Licensed Product		9,503		-		9,503
	$	37,880	$	24,508	$	13,372

Less Total Contract Asset						2,372
Net Contract Liability					$	11,000


			Cumulative Collaboration
	Transaction		Revenue Recognized		Contract
	Price		as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		Liability
License	$	2,998	$	2,998	$	-
Supply of Licensed Product		7,002		-		7,002
	$	10,000	$	2,998	$	7,002

Less Total Contract Asset						700
Net Contract Liability					$	6,302

Description of the Business and Liquidity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Liquidity
Net loss	$ 38,669	$ 34,730
Accumulated deficit	610,595		$ 571,926
Cash, cash equivalents and investment balances	$ 113,300

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Other (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) customer	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Product Revenue, net
Number of customers \| customer	3
Trade Receivables, net
Accounts receivable, net	$ 3,513	$ 3,799
Allowance for doubtful accounts.	$ 0	0
Payment terms	30 days
ZTALMY
Trade Receivables, net
Accounts receivable, net	$ 2,800	$ 2,600
Inventory
Cost of product and materials included in research and development expenses prior to FDA approval	$ 2,000
ZTALMY \| Revenue Benchmark \| Customer Concentration Risk
Product Revenue, net
Concentration risk, as a percent	99.00%
Number of customers \| customer	1

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments - Cash and Cash Equivalents (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
Cash accounts in banking institutions	$ 1.4	$ 1.3
Money market funds	102.9	119.3
Accrued interest receivable	$ 0.1	$ 0.2

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments - Short-Term Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Short-term Investments
Amortized Cost	$ 9,000	$ 29,736
Unrealized Gains	155	169
Unrealized Losses	(155)	(189)
Fair Value	9,000	29,716
U.S. Treasury securities
Short-term Investments
Amortized Cost	9,000	26,852
Unrealized Gains	155	138
Unrealized Losses	(155)	(155)
Fair Value	$ 9,000	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities
Short-term Investments
Amortized Cost		2,884
Unrealized Gains		31
Unrealized Losses		(34)
Fair Value		$ 2,881

Fair Value Measurements - Fair Value Recurring Basis (Details) - Recurring basis - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Total assets	$ 113,253	$ 150,288
U.S. Treasury securities
Assets
Investments	9,000	26,835
U.S. Government Agency securities
Assets
Investments		2,881
Cash.
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	1,420	1,255
Money market funds
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	102,833	119,317
Level 1
Assets
Total assets	104,253	120,572
Level 1 \| Cash.
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	1,420	1,255
Level 1 \| Money market funds
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value	102,833	119,317
Level 2
Assets
Total assets	9,000	29,716
Level 2 \| U.S. Treasury securities
Assets
Investments	$ 9,000	26,835
Level 2 \| U.S. Government Agency securities
Assets
Investments		$ 2,881

Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventory
Raw materials	$ 3,600	$ 436
Work in process	1,591	1,075
Finished goods	592	902
Total Inventories	$ 5,783	$ 2,413

Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accrued Expenses
Payroll and related costs	$ 2,830	$ 7,746
Clinical trials and drug development	5,694	4,701
Accrued license agreement payment	2,000	4,000
Professional fees	1,669	1,236
Selling and commercial liabilities	4,502	3,901
Short-term lease liabilities	1,306	774
Other	720	501
Total accrued expenses	$ 18,721	$ 22,859

Loss Per Share of Common Stock - Basic and diluted net loss per share as the exercise price (Details) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Loss Per Share of Common Stock
Warrant exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001

Loss Per Share of Common Stock - Anti-dilutive securities (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Antidilutive securities
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,964,919	9,545,512
Convertible preferred stock
Antidilutive securities
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)		860,000
RSAs and RSUs
Antidilutive securities
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	2,293,878	1,542,115
Stock options
Antidilutive securities
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	8,671,041	7,143,397

Stockholders' Equity - Other (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Jan. 01, 2024
Stockholders' Equity
Total compensation cost		$ 5,193	$ 3,741
Maximum percentage of beneficial ownership for exercise of Pre-funded Warrants	9.99%
Maximum percentage increase or decrease of beneficial ownership for exercise of Pre-funded Warrants	19.99%
Public Offering.
Stockholders' Equity
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues	12,421,053
Number of pre-funded warrants (in shares)	2,105,264
Proceeds from equity offerings, net of offering costs	$ 64,500
Research and development.
Stockholders' Equity
Total compensation cost		1,832	1,342
Selling, general and administrative
Stockholders' Equity
Total compensation cost		$ 3,361	$ 2,399
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Shares
Conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (in shares)			0
Number of common shares issuable upon conversion of stock			860,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding		0	4,300
Employee Stock Option
Stock Options
Outstanding (in shares)		8,671,041
Outstanding, weighted-average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 9.69
Granted (in shares)		1,617,094
Granted (in dollars per share)		$ 9.76
Restricted common stock
Stockholders' Equity
Vesting period		2 years
2005 Plan
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)		0
2005 Plan \| Employee Stock Option
Stock Options
Outstanding (in shares)		0
2014 Plan
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)		260,569		3,090,220
2014 Plan \| Employee Stock Option
Stock Options
Outstanding (in shares)		6,389,758
Granted (in shares)		1,540,519
2014 Plan \| Restricted Stock Units
Stockholders' Equity
Vesting period		3 years
Shares
Issued (in shares)		1,350,244
Awards outstanding (in shares)		2,293,878
Equity Incentive Plan, Employee Inducements \| Employee Stock Option
Stock Options
Outstanding (in shares)		2,281,283
Granted (in shares)		76,575

Stockholders' Equity - Equity Distribution Agreement (Details) - USD ($) shares in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Stockholders' Equity
Maximum value of shares that may be issued and sold under Equity Distribution Agreement	$ 75,000,000
Maximum commission rate, expressed as a percentage of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares of common stock, equity distribution agreement	3.00%
Issuance of shares under equity distribution agreement (in shares)	0.0	0.0

Leases - Other (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases
Operating lease agreement term	78 months
Operating lease renewal term	60 months
Weighted average remaining lease term	18 months
Right-of-use assets	$ 1,500	$ 1,000
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Other Assets, Noncurrent	Other Assets, Noncurrent
Operating lease liabilities	$ 1,888	$ 1,400

Leases - Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Leases - Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases
Total lease costs	$ 0.3	$ 0.1
Weighted-average incremental borrowing rate used to determine right-of-use assets and lease liabilities	11.00%
Impairment losses of ROU assets	$ 0.0		$ 0.0
Clinical site equipment
Leases
Weighted-average incremental borrowing rate used to determine right-of-use assets and lease liabilities	7.00%
Maximum
Leases
Short-term operating lease costs	$ 0.1	$ 0.1

Leases - Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Maturities of operating lease liabilities:
Remainder of 2024	$ 1,073
2025	955
Total lease payments	2,028
Less: imputed interest	(140)
Total lease liabilities	1,888	$ 1,400
Current operating lease liabilities	$ 1,306
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Accrued Liabilities, Current	Accrued Liabilities, Current
Non-current operating lease liabilities	$ 582
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Other Accrued Liabilities, Noncurrent	Other Accrued Liabilities, Noncurrent

Notes Payable - Narratives (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended
Notes Payable - Narratives (Details) $ in Thousands	May 11, 2021 USD ($) tranche	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	May 31, 2021 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2022	Oct. 27, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022
Notes Payable
Contractual exit fee					$ 2,003
Interest expense					4,346	$ 4,147
Amortization of debt issuance costs					609	$ 480
Total debt commitments					75,000		$ 75,000
Minimum liquidity covenant, cash and cash equivalents					15,000
Term Loan Tranche C
Notes Payable
Debt commitment, terminated							$ 25,000
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement
Notes Payable
Term of loan facility	5 years
Maximum borrowing capacity available under the credit agreement	$ 125,000
Number of tranches \| tranche	5
Proceeds from line of credit		$ 30,000	$ 30,000	$ 15,000
Accrued interest rate (as a percent)	11.50%
Percentage of periodic principal payment	5.00%
Upfront fee (as a percent)	2.00%
Commitment fee (as a percent)	0.75%
Commitment fee accrual period	120 days
Debt issuance costs									$ 500
Debt issuance costs		1,800	1,200	4,400
Contractual exit fee			600	300
Interest expense					2,700
Interest on term loan					2,200
Amortization of debt issuance costs					$ 500
Exit fee, percentage	2.67%							2.67%	2.00%	2.00%
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Maximum
Notes Payable
Contractual exit fee		600
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Scenario Of Prepayment On Or Before May 11, 2023
Notes Payable
Prepayment premium (as a percent)	4.00%
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Scenario Of Prepayment Between May 11, 2024 To May 11, 2025
Notes Payable
Prepayment premium (as a percent)	2.00%
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Scenario Of Prepayment After May 11, 2025
Notes Payable
Prepayment premium (as a percent)	0.00%
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Term Loans Tranche A-1
Notes Payable
Proceeds from line of credit				$ 15,000
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Term Loans Tranche A-2
Notes Payable
Proceeds from line of credit			$ 30,000
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Term Loan Tranche B
Notes Payable
Proceeds from line of credit		30,000
Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement \| Term Loan Tranche B \| Maximum
Notes Payable
Commitment fees		$ 100

Notes Payable - Composition of debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2023
Notes Payable
Gross proceeds	$ 75,000		$ 75,000
Contractual exit fee	2,003
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs	(3,530)
Total note payable	73,473
Current portion of note payable	15,401	$ 11,551
Non-current portion of note payable	$ 58,072	$ 61,423

Notes Payable - Debt maturities (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Notes Payable
Remainder of 2024	$ 11,250
2025	15,000
2026	48,750
Total	$ 75,000

Revenue Interest Financing Agreement - Terms (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Oct. 28, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Professional fees		$ 1,669	$ 1,236
Total issuance costs		$ 2,600
Estimated effective annual interest rate, percentage		18.00%
Each calendar quarter from and after the Closing Date through and including the quarter ended June 30, 2026 \| Sagard
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Quarterly payments expressed as a percentage of the U.S. net sales of Ztalmy and all other pharmaceutical products that contain ganaxolene, required under the revenue interest financing agreement.	7.50%
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| Oaktree Capital Management LP Credit Agreement
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Minimum cash and cash equivalents required to be maintained deposits until repayment	$ 15,000
Minimum cash and cash equivalents required to be maintained deposits after repayment	10,000
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| Sagard
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Investment amount	$ 32,500
Hard Cap expressed as a percentage of the Investment Amount	190.00%
Hard cap amount	$ 61,800
Professional fees		$ 2,600
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| Each calendar quarter from and after the Closing Date through and including the quarter ended June 30, 2026 \| Sagard
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Quarterly payments due, expressed as a percentage of the first $100 million in annual Product Revenue of the Included Products	15.00%
Quarterly payments due, expressed as a percentage of the annual Product Revenue of the Included Products in excess of $100 million	7.50%
Annual Product Revenue Threshold	$ 100,000
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| Period Ending December 31, 2027 \| Sagard
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Minimum amount expressed as a percentage of the Investment Amount	100.00%
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| Period Ending December 31, 2032 \| Sagard
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Minimum amount expressed as a percentage of the Investment Amount	190.00%
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| On Or Before Third Anniversary
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Payments at repurchase price investment percent	160.00%
Revenue Interest Financing Agreement \| After Third Anniversary
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Payments at repurchase price investment percent	180.00%
Royalty monetization agreement \| After Fourth Anniversary
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Payments at repurchase price investment percent	190.00%

Revenue Interest Financing Agreement - Summary of Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue Interest Financing Payable
Revenue Interest Financing Starting Balance	$ 35,977	$ 30,877
Non-cash interest expense	1,556	1,440
Amortization of debt discount	111	71
Payments	(491)	(174)
Revenue Interest Financing Ending Balance	37,153	32,214
Current portion of revenue interest financing liability	2,511	1,321	$ 2,211
Long-term portion of revenue interest financing liability	34,642	30,893	33,766
Revenue Interest Financing Balance	$ 37,153	$ 32,214	$ 35,977

Collaboration Revenue - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands, € in Millions			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jul. 30, 2021 EUR (€) item	May 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item product	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
License and Collaboration Revenue
Contract liability					$ 400			$ 0
Net Contract Liability					17,730			17,545
Collaboration revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Collaboration revenue					18
Collaboration Agreement with Orion
License and Collaboration Revenue
Upfront fee received	$ 29,600	€ 25.0
Number of days from receipt of the final report, in which the collaboration agreement may be terminated	90 days	90 days
Percentage of upfront fee which must be refunded in the event of termination		75.00%
Amount of payment receivable upon achievement of specific clinical and commercial achievements \| €		€ 97.0
Term of collaboration agreement	10 years	10 years
Number of performance obligations \| item		3
Collaboration revenue							$ 12,700
Transaction Price					37,880			37,880
Contract liability					13,372			13,709
Contract asset					2,372			2,912
Net Contract Liability					11,000			10,797
Offset by contract asset					2,372			2,912
Incremental costs incurred in obtaining the agreement					2,000
Capitalized contract costs					900
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| Selling, general and administrative
License and Collaboration Revenue
Contract acquisition costs included in selling, general and administrative expense					1,100
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| License Revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price					21,660			21,660
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| Development and Regulatory Services
License and Collaboration Revenue
Amortization of transaction price as a reduction of research and development costs					300
Transaction Price					6,717			6,717
Contract liability					3,869			4,206
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| Supply of License Product
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price					9,503			9,503
Contract liability					9,503			9,503
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia
License and Collaboration Revenue
Upfront fee received				$ 10,000
Aggregate amount				256,000
Milestone regulatory approvals				15,000
Aggregative sales based milestone				$ 241,000
Term of collaboration agreement				45 days
Number of performance obligations \| item				2			2
Number of commitments represent distinct performance \| item				2			2
Transaction Price					10,000			10,000
Contract liability					7,002			7,002
Contract asset					700			700
Net Contract Liability					6,302			6,302
Offset by contract asset					700			700
Incremental costs incurred in obtaining the agreement					1,000
Capitalized contract costs					700
Cost of product revenue					200
Number of Selected Products to which milestone payments applicable \| product				1
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| Selling, general and administrative
License and Collaboration Revenue
Contract acquisition costs included in selling, general and administrative expense					100
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| License Revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Collaboration revenue					0	$ 0
Transaction Price					2,998			2,998
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| Collaboration revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price					3,000			3,000
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| Supply of License Product
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price					7,002			7,002
Contract liability					7,002			$ 7,002
Biologix Distribution and Supply Agreement
License and Collaboration Revenue
Upfront fee received			$ 500
Biologix Distribution and Supply Agreement \| Maximum
License and Collaboration Revenue
Collaboration revenue					$ 100

Collaboration Revenue - Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
License and Collaboration Revenue
Contract Liability	$ 400	$ 0
Net Contract Liability	17,730	17,545
Collaboration Agreement with Orion
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	37,880	37,880
Cumulative Collaboration Revenue Recognized	24,508	24,171
Contract Liability	13,372	13,709
Less Total Contract Asset	2,372	2,912
Net Contract Liability	11,000	10,797
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| License Revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	21,660	21,660
Cumulative Collaboration Revenue Recognized	21,660	21,660
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| Development and Regulatory Services
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	6,717	6,717
Cumulative Collaboration Revenue Recognized	2,848	2,511
Contract Liability	3,869	4,206
Collaboration Agreement with Orion \| Supply of License Product
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	9,503	9,503
Contract Liability	9,503	9,503
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	10,000	10,000
Cumulative Collaboration Revenue Recognized	2,998	2,998
Contract Liability	7,002	7,002
Less Total Contract Asset	700	700
Net Contract Liability	6,302	6,302
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| License Revenue
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	2,998	2,998
Cumulative Collaboration Revenue Recognized	2,998	2,998
Collaboration Agreement with Tenacia \| Supply of License Product
License and Collaboration Revenue
Transaction Price	7,002	7,002
Contract Liability	$ 7,002	$ 7,002

Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event - item	Apr. 30, 2024	Apr. 15, 2024
Subsequent Events
Number of patients enrolled in Raise Trial		100
Reduction-in-Force
Subsequent Events
Percentage of workforce impacted by RIF	20.00%

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (38,669)	$ (34,730)

Insider Trading Arrangements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Material Terms of Trading Arrangement

Trading Plans


Name	Title	Reporting Action	Plan Start Date	Plan End Date	Shares of Common Stock to be Sold	Intended to Satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c)?
Elan Ezickson	Director	Plan Adoption	January 18, 2025	January 31, 2025	1,600	Yes
Marvin H. Johnson, Jr.	Director	Plan Adoption	June 10, 2024	June 10, 2025	6,999	Yes
Sarah Noonberg, M.D., Ph.D.	Director	Plan Adoption	January 18, 2025	January 31, 2025	To be determined as sale of common stock to cover tax obligation related to expected January 2025 RSU vesting	Yes
Christina Shafer	Chief Commercial Officer	Plan Adoption	June 10, 2024	June 10, 2025	236,932	Yes