Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund, using a low cost “passive” or “indexing” investment approach, seeks to replicate, before the Fund’s fees and expenses, the performance of the BRIC Index (Index Ticker: DRBRICT). The BRIC Index is a rules-based index (i.e., an index constructed using specified criteria) comprised of American depositary receipts (“ADRs”), global depositary receipts (“GDRs”) and China H-shares of Chinese equities where appropriate, based on liquidity, from a universe of all listed depositary receipts of companies from Brazil, Russia, India and China currently trading on U.S. exchanges. China H-shares are issued by companies incorporated in mainland China and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
The depositary receipts that comprise the Index may be sponsored or unsponsored. The companies in the universe are selected using a proprietary methodology developed by The Bank of New York Mellon (the “Index Provider” or “BNY Mellon”). The Fund will invest at least 80% of its total assets in securities that comprise the Index and in the underlying securities representing ADRs and GDRs that are constituents of the Index. As of the date of this prospectus, the Index consisted of 125 securities. The Fund has adopted a policy that requires the Fund to provide shareholders with at least 60 days notice prior to any material change in this policy or the Index. The Board of Trustees may change the Fund’s investment strategy and other policies without shareholder approval, except as otherwise indicated.
The Fund may invest directly in one or more underlying securities represented by the depositary receipts comprising the Index under the following limited circumstances: (a) when market conditions result in the underlying security providing improved liquidity relative to the depositary receipt; (b) when a depositary receipt is trading at a significantly different price than its underlying security; or (c) the timing of trade execution is improved due to the local market in which an underlying security is traded being open at different times than the market in which the security’s corresponding depositary receipt is traded.
The Fund generally will invest in all of the securities comprising the Index in proportion to their weightings in the Index. However, under various circumstances, it may not be possible or practicable to purchase all of the securities in the Index in those weightings. In those circumstances, the Fund may purchase a sample of the securities in the Index in proportions expected by the Investment Adviser to replicate generally the performance of the Index as a whole. There may also be instances, such as: (i) regulatory requirements which may affect the Fund's ability to hold a security included in the Index, (ii) restrictions or requirements in local markets which may render it infeasible or inefficient for the Fund to purchase or sell a security included in the Index or (iii) liquidity concerns that may affect the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell a security included in the Index, in which the Investment Adviser may choose to overweight another security in the Index or purchase (or sell) securities not in the Index which the Investment Adviser believes are appropriate to substitute for one or more Index components in seeking to accurately track the Index. In addition, from time to time securities are added to or removed from the Index. The Fund may sell securities that are represented in the Index or purchase securities that are not yet represented in the Index in anticipation of their removal from or addition to the Index pursuant to scheduled reconstitutions and rebalancings of the Index. The Fund will concentrate its investments (i.e., hold 25% or more of its assets) in a particular industry or group of industries to the extent the Index is so concentrated. As of the date of this prospectus, the energy and financial services sectors each represent a significant portion of the Index.
Prior to October 31, 2013, the Fund sought to replicate, before the Fund’s fees and expenses, the performance of the BNY Mellon BRIC Select ADR Index (the“Prior BRIC Index”).
Principal Investment Risks
Investors should consider the following risk factors and special considerations associated with investing in the Fund, which may cause you to lose money. The Fund’s Shares will change in value, and you could lose money by investing in the Fund. The Fund may not achieve its investment objective. An investment in the Fund has not been guaranteed, sponsored, recommended, or approved by the United States, or any agency, instrumentality or officer of the United States, has not been insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and is not guaranteed by and is not otherwise an obligation of any bank or insured depository institution.
Equity Risk.
The value of the equity securities held by the Fund may fall due to general market and economic conditions, perceptions regarding the industries in which the issuers of securities held by the Fund participate, or factors relating to specific companies in which the Fund invests. For example, an adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of equity securities of an issuer held by the Fund; the price of common stock of an issuer may be particularly sensitive to general movements in the stock market; or a drop in the stock market may depress the price of most or all of the common stocks and other equity securities held by the Fund. In addition, common stock of an issuer in the Fund’s portfolio may decline in price if the issuer fails to make anticipated dividend payments because the issuer of the security experiences a decline in its financial condition. Common stock is subordinated to preferred stocks, bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income, and therefore will be subject to greater dividend risk than preferred stocks or debt instruments of such issuers. In addition, while broad market measures of common stocks have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, common stocks have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns.
Foreign Investment Risk.
The Fund’s investments in non-U.S. issuers, although generally limited to ADRs and GDRs, may involve unique risks compared to investing in securities of U.S. issuers, including less market liquidity, generally greater market volatility than U.S. securities and less complete financial information than for U.S. issuers. In addition, adverse political, economic or social developments could undermine the value of the Fund’s investments or prevent the Fund from realizing the full value of its investments. Financial reporting standards for companies based in foreign markets differ from those in the United States. Finally, to the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities other than ADRs, the value of the currency of the country in which the Fund has invested could decline relative to the value of the U.S. dollar, which may affect the value of the investment to U.S. investors.
Emerging market countries are countries that major international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, generally consider to be less economically mature than developed nations. Emerging market countries can include every nation in the world except the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and most countries located in Western Europe. Investing in foreign countries, particularly emerging market countries, entails the risk that news and events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. Countries with emerging markets may have relatively unstable governments, may present the risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets. The economies of emerging markets countries also may be based on only a few industries, making them more vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions and more sensitive to debt burdens or inflation rates. Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Brazil has experienced substantial economic instability resulting from, among other things, periods of very high inflation, persistent structural public sector deficits and significant devaluations of the currency of Brazil, and leading also to a high degree of price volatility in both the Brazilian equity and foreign currency markets. Brazilian companies may also be adversely affected by high interest and unemployment rates, and are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices.
Investing in securities of Russian companies involves additional risks, including, among others, the absence of developed legal structures governing private or foreign investments and private property; the possibility of the loss of all or a substantial portion of the Fund’s assets invested in Russia as a result of expropriation; certain national policies which may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including, without limitation, restrictions on investing in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to relevant national interests; and potentially greater price volatility in, significantly smaller capitalization of, and relative illiquidity of, some of these markets.
Investing in securities of Indian companies involves additional risks, including, but not limited to, greater price volatility, substantially less liquidity and significantly smaller market capitalization of securities markets, more substantial governmental involvement in the economy, higher rates of inflation and greater political, economic and social uncertainty. Furthermore, future actions of the Indian Government or religious and ethnic unrest could have a significant impact on the economy.
Investing in securities of Chinese companies involves additional risks, including, but not limited to: the economy of China differs, often unfavorably, from the U.S. economy in such respects as structure, general development, government involvement, wealth distribution, rate of inflation, growth rate, allocation of resources and capital reinvestment, among others; the central government has historically exercised substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through administrative regulation and/or state ownership; and actions of the Chinese central and local government authorities continue to have a substantial effect on economic conditions in China. In addition, previously the Chinese government has from time to time taken actions that influence the prices at which certain goods may be sold, encourage companies to invest or concentrate in particular industries, induce mergers between companies in certain industries and induce private companies to publicly offer their securities to increase or continue the rate of economic growth, control the rate of inflation or otherwise regulate economic expansion. It may do so in the future as well, potentially having a significant adverse effect on economic conditions in China, the economic prospects for, and the market prices and liquidity of, the securities of China companies and the payments of dividends and interest by China companies.
China Exposure Risk.
From time to time, certain of the companies comprising the BNY Mellon BRIC Index that are located in China may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or in countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. One or more of these companies may be subject to constraints under U.S. law or regulations which could negatively affect the company’s performance, and/or could suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which invests or deals with countries which are identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism or subject to sanctions. As an investor in such companies, the Fund is indirectly subject to those risks.
Depositary Receipt Risk.
The Fund may hold the securities of non-U.S. companies in the form of ADRs and GDRs. ADRs are negotiable certificates issued by a U.S. financial institution that represent a specified number of shares in a foreign stock and trade on a U.S. national securities exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Sponsored ADRs are issued with the support of the issuer of the foreign stock underlying the ADRs and carry all of the rights of common shares, including voting rights. GDRs are similar to ADRs, but may be issued in bearer form and are typically offered for sale globally and held by a foreign branch of an international bank. The underlying issuers of certain depositary receipts, particularly unsponsored or unregistered depositary receipts, are under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications to the holders of such receipts, or to pass through to them any voting rights with respect to the deposited securities. Issuers of unsponsored depositary receipts are not contractually obligated to disclose material information in the U.S. and, therefore, such information may not correlate to the market value of the unsponsored depositary receipt. The underlying securities of the ADRs and GDRs in the Fund’s portfolio are usually denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. As a result, changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the value of the Fund’s portfolio. In addition, because the underlying securities of ADRs and GDRs trade on foreign exchanges at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading, the value of the securities underlying the ADRs and GDRs may change materially at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading, regardless of whether there is an active U.S. market for shares of the Fund.
Energy Sector Risk.
The profitability of companies in the energy sector is related to worldwide energy prices, exploration, and production spending. Such companies also are subject to risks of changes in exchange rates, government regulation, world events, depletion of resources and economic conditions, as well as market, economic and political risks of the countries where energy companies are located or do business. Oil and gas exploration and production can be significantly affected by natural disasters. Oil exploration and production companies may be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, government regulation, world events, and economic conditions. Oil exploration and production companies may be at risk for environmental damage claims.
Financial Services Sector Risk.
The financial services industries are subject to extensive government regulation, can be subject to relatively rapid change due to increasingly blurred distinctions between service segments, and can be significantly affected by availability and cost of capital funds, changes in interest rates, the rate of corporate and consumer debt defaults, and price competition. In addition, the deterioration of the credit markets since late 2007 generally has caused an adverse impact in a broad range of markets, including U.S. and international credit and interbank money markets generally, thereby affecting a wide range of financial institutions and markets. In particular, events in the financial sector since late 2008 have resulted, and may continue to result, in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets, both domestic and foreign. This situation has created instability in the financial markets and caused certain financial services companies to incur large losses. Numerous financial services companies have experienced substantial declines in the valuations of their assets, taken action to raise capital (such as the issuance of debt or equity securities), or even ceased operations. These actions have caused the securities of many financial services companies to experience a dramatic decline in value. Issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets have been particularly affected by the foregoing events and the general market turmoil, and it is uncertain whether or for how long these conditions will continue.
Small and Medium-Sized Company Risk.
Investing in securities of small and medium-sized companies involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investing in larger, more established companies. Securities of these companies present additional risks because their earnings are less predictable and they are more likely than larger companies to have narrower product lines, markets or financial resources. These companies’ stocks may be more volatile and less liquid than those of larger, more established companies. These stocks may have returns that vary, sometimes significantly, from the overall stock market.
Non-Correlation Risk.
The Fund’s return may not match the return of the Index for a number of reasons. For example, the Fund incurs a number of operating expenses not applicable to the Index, and incurs costs in buying and selling securities, especially when rebalancing the Fund’s securities holdings to reflect changes in the composition of the Index.
The Fund may not be fully invested at times, either as a result of cash flows into the Fund or reserves of cash held by the Fund to meet redemptions and expenses. If the Fund utilizes a sampling approach, or otherwise holds investments other than those which comprise the Index, its return may not correlate as well with the return on the Index, as would be the case if it purchased all of the securities in the Index with the same weightings as the Index.
Concentration Risk.
If the Index concentrates in an industry or group of industries the Fund’s investments will be concentrated accordingly. In such event, the value of the Fund’s Shares may rise and fall more than the value of shares of a fund that invests in securities of companies in a broader range of industries.
Passive Management Risk.
Unlike many investment companies, the Fund is not “actively” managed. Therefore, it would not necessarily sell a security because the security’s issuer was in financial trouble unless that security is removed from the Index. In addition, the Fund will not otherwise take defensive positions in declining markets unless such positions are reflected in the Index.
Non-Diversified Fund Risk.
The Fund is considered non-diversified and can invest a greater portion of assets in securities of individual issuers than a diversified fund. As a result, changes in the market value of a single investment could cause greater fluctuations in share price than would occur in a diversified fund.