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Pharming Group : Biotech De Niche

- 08/9/2010 18:55
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008

NL0000377018

 

08 September 2010

Pharming, Rhucin, FDA filing, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Cash hunting, Edison Pharming plans to file Rhucin BLA with US FDA by end 2010

Article | 31 August 2010 Print ThisShareThisNetherlands-based biotechnology company Pharming Group NV (NYSE Euronext: PHARM) says that it intends to submit the Biologic License Application the US Food and Drug Administration to obtain marketing approval for Rhucin (recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor) for the treatment of acute angioedema attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). Following pre-BLA discussions with the FDA, Pharming says it is preparing the BLA dossier for submission towards the end of this year but no later than January 2011. The BLA will be based on the data of the European Marketing Authorization Application (MAA), on which the European Medicines Agency’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a positive opinion in June of this year. The company says the BLA will be updated with patient data collected since the completion of the MAA package and will include additional analyses requested by the FDA. The BLA dossier will include data on over 500 administrations in over 150 patients, demonstrating the safety and efficacy of Rhucin for the treatment of HAE attacks. Enjoying this article? Have the leading Biopharma news & analysis delivered daily on email by signing up for our FREE email newsletter here. To further strengthen Rhucin’s competitive profile, Pharming is preparing to initiate a Phase IIIB/IV study. In this global multicenter randomized placebo-controlled study, focusing on “time to onset of relief” of HAE symptoms, 50 patients will either receive 50U/kg Rhucin (also known as Ruconest) or placebo. “Following the positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency in June this year, the BLA submission will be the next significant milestone in the development of Rhucin. It demonstrates our commitment to provide global access to this innovative highly effective and safe replacement therapy for HAE patients”, said Rienk Pijpstra, chief medical officer, adding: “The study will further emphasize Rhucin’s benefits for HAE patients such as rapid onset of relief and excellent response rates.” Edison Research comment on US partnering deal Commenting on the news, analysts at Edison Research note that reaching a conclusion on the BLA pathway with the FDA could allow a US partnering deal. An additional clinical study in 50 patients will be run to provide data showing Ruconest’s fast onset of action. While clarity with the FDA is needed for a US deal, a deal may take some time and so may not contribute to 2010 cash. Rather than a deal, Pharming could raise funds for a high profit, direct US sales effort to position Ruconest from 2012 as the preferred HAE acute treatment. It aims to take share from prophylactic treatments. Cash hunting On October 31, 10.9 million euros ($13.8 million) of bonds are due. September cash might be around 9-10 million euros assuming a 5 million-euro European Union approval milestone from Swedish Orphan Biovitrum plus perhaps 1 million euros inventory purchases. R&D will rise as the kidney clinical trials and the new global HAE study get underway. Once the company is solidly funded, it will be in a good strategic position with an imminently approved EU product, new indications about to enter trials and a route to FDA approval of Ruconest, the Edison analysts conclude



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21 de 75 - 25/1/2012 12:42
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
- Science, medicines, health
An Agency of the European Union



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Ruconestconestat alfa
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This is a summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Ruconest. It explains how the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) assessed the medicine to reach its opinion in favour of granting a marketing authorisation and its recommendations on the conditions of use for Ruconest.

Expand all items in this list

What is Ruconest?Ruconest is a powder that is made up into a solution for injection. It contains the active substance conestat alfa.

What is Ruconest used for?Ruconest is used to treat attacks of hereditary angioedema in adults (aged 18 years or over). Patients with angioedema have attacks of swelling that can occur anywhere in the body, such as in the face or limbs, or around the gut, causing discomfort and pain. Ruconest is used in patients with hereditary angioedema that is linked to naturally low levels of a protein called ‘C1 esterase inhibitor’.
The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription.

How is Ruconest used?Treatment with Ruconest should be started under the supervision of a doctor with experience in diagnosing and treating hereditary angioedema. The medicine should only be given by a healthcare professional. Patients who have not received Ruconest before should be tested to see if they have antibodies against rabbit dander (shed skin and hair) in their blood – they should only be given Ruconest if their tests are negative.
Ruconest is given by slow injection into a vein lasting around five minutes. The dose depends on the patient’s body weight. One injection is usually enough to treat an attack, but a second injection may be given if the patient does not improve enough after the first one. A patient should not be given more than two injections within any 24-hour period.

How does Ruconest work?The C1 esterase inhibitor protein is required to control the ‘complement’ and ‘contact’ systems, collections of proteins in the blood that fight against infection and cause inflammation. Patients with low levels of this protein have excessive activity these two systems, which leads to the symptoms of angioedema. The active substance in Ruconest, conestat alfa, is a copy of the C1 esterase inhibitor protein and works the same way as the natural human protein. When it is given during an angioedema attack, conestat alfa stops this excessive activity, helping to relieve the patient’s symptoms.
Conestat alfa is produced by ‘recombinant DNA technology’: it is extracted from the milk of rabbits that have been given genes that make them able to produce the human protein in their milk.

How has Ruconest been studied?The effects of Ruconest were first tested in experimental models before being studied in humans.
Ruconest was studied in two main studies involving a total of 73 patients with hereditary angioedema caused by low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor protein. Most of the patients were adults. When an attack occurred, the patients were given one of two doses of Ruconest (50 or 100 units/kg) or placebo (a dummy treatment). Patients receiving the lower dose of Ruconest had the option of receiving a second dose up to four hours after the first. The main measure of effectiveness was how long it took for the symptoms to start to improve. Improvement was measured by the patients rating the severity of their symptoms on a scale from 0 to 100.

What benefit has Ruconest shown during the studies?Ruconest was more effective than placebo at improving the symptoms of patients having an attack of angioedema. Patients receiving Ruconest at doses of 50 units/kg and 100 units/kg started to have improvements after one and two hours, respectively. Patients receiving placebo started to have improvements after four hours in one study and after over eight hours in the other.
Most patients were successfully treated with the 50-unit/kg dose, with only around 10% of the patients needing a second dose. This dose had a similar success rate to the higher dose of Ruconest.

What is the risk associated with Ruconest?The most common side effect with Ruconest (seen in between 1 and 10 patients in 100) is headache. For the full list of all side effects reported with Ruconest, see the package leaflet.

Ruconest should not be used in people who may be hypersensitive (allergic) to conestat alfa or any of the other ingredients. It must not be used in patients with known or suspected allergy to rabbits.
Why has Ruconest been approved?The CHMP decided that Ruconest’s benefits are greater than its risks and recommended that it be given marketing authorisation.
What measures are being taken to ensure the safe use of Ruconest?The company that makes Ruconest will ensure that healthcare professionals in all Member States who are expected to prescribe Ruconest are provided with an educational pack containing information on the proper use of the medicine and warnings about the risk of allergy. The company will also provide prescribers with an alert card for their patients.

Other information about RuconestThe European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for Ruconest to Pharming Group N.V. on 28 October 2010. The marketing authorisation is valid for five years, after which it can be renewed.

This EPAR was last updated on 14/10/2011 .

More detail is available in the Summary of Product Characteristics


http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/001223/human_med_001382.jsp&murl=menus/medicines/medicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125&jsenabled=true
22 de 75 - 17/2/2012 09:39
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Le plan de commercialisation de Pharming group est en bonne voie !

Pharming and Transmedic agree distribution deal
14 February 2012 | 09:58am
StockMarketWire.com - Biotech company Pharming Group NV has entered into an agreement with Transmedic Pte, a privately owned Singapore based specialty healthcare company, for the commercialization of RUCONEST (recombinant human C1 inhibitor) for the treatment of acute attacks of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) in parts of South- East Asia.

The South- East Asian territories covered under this agreement include Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

Under the agreement, Transmedic will drive the respective regulatory approvals and purchase its commercial supplies of RUCONEST from Pharming at a fixed transfer price.


Story provided by StockMarketWire.com
23 de 75 - 17/2/2012 09:51
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
La notice explicative de la description du medicament et de son autorisation a produire sur le marché, sous surveillance EMA

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/fr_FR/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/001223/WC500098542.pdf
24 de 75 - 17/2/2012 11:28
Bjorn borg Messages postés: 1773 - Membre depuis: 19/12/2010
Très peu d'échanges sur ce titre


Photobucket

25 de 75 - 19/2/2012 21:32
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Bjr Bjorn

Soit, mais les deux chandeliers (blanches) semblent décrire une reprise haussiere du titre, pour moi le signal reste positif et devrait déclencher un nouveau signal haussier.
Si les courbes tiennent le cap, on pourrait retrouver la zone des 0.20 centimes dans un premier temps.
Les trades peuvent s'averer très interessantes, a condition de calculer le pourcentage de risque en cas de baisse ...
26 de 75 - 21/2/2012 13:56
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Il faut tenir sur le palier de 0.084 pour le retour sur la zone à.10 et acrediter le scenario des 0.20
27 de 75 - 21/2/2012 14:24
Bjorn borg Messages postés: 1773 - Membre depuis: 19/12/2010
On verra ça en fin de journée si tu veux bien.
28 de 75 - 21/2/2012 17:59
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
PHARMING GROUP (pharm) est spécialisé dans le développement de produits d'innovation pour le traitement des troubles génétiques, de produits spécifiques pour certaines indications chirurgicales et de produits
de nutrition. Le groupe utilise certaines technologies comme les plateformes innovantes pour la
production de traitements protéinés, des techniques et procédés de purification et de formulation de
ces produits, ainsi que des technologies spécifiques dans le secteur de la réparation de l'ADN
(DNAge).

Le CA par type de revenus se ventile entre subventions et droits de licence
. De plus la configuration graphique est attrayante, penny stock étrangère.

Le titre est sous surveillance et les accords signés devraient aboutir sur le succès du médicament : le Ruconest.

Il a été validé en europe et pourrait avoir un avenir radieux aux Etats Unis. On précisera que des accords concernant la commercialisation du médicament avec Santarus (Amérique du
nord) en septembre 2010 ont déjà été passés pour plus de 15M$ :
Pharming-signs-commercialization-agreement-with-Santarus-for-Rhucin-in-North-America. Nous sommes
acheteurs du titre Pharming Group code Pharm sur le marché hollandais. La valeur pourrait devenir
très spéculative en cas de nouvelle communication du groupe sur la commercialisation du Ruchin
médicament phare de la société dont la production est réalisé par Sanofi suite à l'accord du 8
juillet. L'échéance est proche et le model business quasiment validé...
Achat avec un objectif de 0.24€



29 de 75 - 21/2/2012 21:03
Bjorn borg Messages postés: 1773 - Membre depuis: 19/12/2010
Encore une belle bougie sur Pharming.

Photobucket

30 de 75 - 22/2/2012 20:34
Bjorn borg Messages postés: 1773 - Membre depuis: 19/12/2010
Je ne sais plus quoi dire sur PHARMING, donc, je me tais.

Photobucket

31 de 75 - 23/2/2012 11:37
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Pharming group et Solvay se rencontrent.

Pharming Group gaat samen met Solvay en een aantal 'academische groepen' onderzoek doen naar Parkinson en Alzheimer. Dat heeft het Nederlandse biotechnologiebedrijf maandag bekendgemaakt.

Décidement Pharming group attire toutes les convoitise de collaboration
32 de 75 - 23/2/2012 20:20
Bjorn borg Messages postés: 1773 - Membre depuis: 19/12/2010
PHARMING est très bien orienté.

Photobucket

33 de 75 - 28/2/2012 09:53
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Top news






Barcelona, 27 February 2012. A study headed up by the Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) heralds a new horizon in the fight against cancer, opening up a parallel dimension to existing treatment options. The data, published today in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, demonstrate that by combining two drugs that had already been used on a patient in the past but had stopped working, they boost each other's efficacy and at the same time manage to break down the patient's resistance to each of them individually, presenting a third potential treatment option for clinically advanced metastatic tumours.

While this may not initially appear to be an innovation, given that combined treatments are used in cancer as a matter of course, it actually represents a radical change in the use of the existing therapeutic weaponry, an extremely practical solution and a source of hope for many patients. "The novelty factor does not lie in the combination itself, but in the combination of two drugs that had already been administered in the past and had each failed", explained Dr Javier Corts, the Head of the Breast Cancer Programme at the VHIO and main author of this work. This not only offers new alternatives for patients with advanced tumours the most important aspect but also opens up a parallel dimension of new therapeutic options to the existing treatments, given that it offers numerous combinations between existing pharmacological treatments that not only boost each other but also counteract patients' resistance to them. "The study focused on HER2 positive breast cancer, although the concept could be applied to the treatment of other tumours", continued Dr Corts.

Breast tumours occur most frequently in Western women. In Spain alone, some 24,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and it is calculated that one in every eight or nine women in this country will suffer from breast cancer. Although the many advances over recent years in screening,


34 de 75 - 29/2/2012 11:13
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Pharming Announces Preliminary Results Date


Biotech company Pharming Group NV will announce preliminary (unaudited) financial results for the year ended 31 December, 2011 on 1 March, 2012. A conference call for analysts and press will be held at 10:00 CET / 09.00 GMT.

Dial in details and a link to the presentation will be made available with the preliminary results statement. Following a presentation of the results, the lines will be opened for a question and answer session. An audio cast of the conference calls will be available on Pharming's website shortly thereafter.

Contact
Karl Keegan, CFO: T: +31 6 3168 0465

“This update is for informational purposes only and is not viewed by Pharming to be of a price sensitive nature”

(...)

lE communiqué aura son effet sur le titre.
Pour ma part je pense que la recherche avancée des molecules souches va permettre à Pharming group de propulser sa notoriété et son potentiel de croissance pour 2012-2014 et assuré la perenité de ses vente par ses licences de distribution et de commercialisations des produits dans les hopitaux mondiaux

35 de 75 - 29/2/2012 15:44
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Empery Asset Management Notifies 7.01% Stake in Pharming Group NV-DJ


Dow Jones reported that Empery Asset Management has notified a 7.01% stake in Pharming Group NV. The requirement of notification has arisen on February 17, 2012. This is the first interest's notification of Empery Asset Management in Pharming Group NV.

(...)
36 de 75 - 29/2/2012 16:36
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
http://www.sobi.com/
37 de 75 - 31/5/2012 16:52
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
http://www.pharming.com/
38 de 75 - 01/6/2012 04:40
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
Latest News. NETHERLANDS, Indonesia Today- Biotech company Pharming Group NV has signed new agreements for the commercialization of Ruconest® with Transmedic Pte Ltd. for the territories of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,SINGAPORE, and Thailand and Hyupjin Corporation for the Republic of Korea.

Pharming group commenced an open-label Phase II clinical study evaluating Ruconest® for the treatment of acute attacks of angioedema in pediatric patients with HAE Positive study results published in peer-reviewed journal Biodrugs demonstrated that recombinant human C1 inhibitor was not observed to have a prothombotic effect when used to treat acute HAE attacks.

Pharming is conducting a Phase III clinical study with RHUCIN under a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) that is intended to support the submission of a Biologics License Application (BLA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RUCONEST® in non-European territories) and Hereditary Angioedema RUCONEST® (INN conestat alfa) is a recombinant version of the human protein C1 inhibitor (C1INH). (Indonesia Today)
39 de 75 - 01/6/2012 04:41
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008
2012-03-26 07:06:03 -



Leiden, Pays-Bas, 26 mars 2012. Société de biotechnologie de Pharming Group NV
(« Pharming » ou « the Company ») (NYSE Euronext : PHARM) a annoncé aujourd'hui que
il a
a conclu un accord avec la société Hyupjin, un Séoul basé coréen
specialty pharma company, à commercialiser des RUCONEST(®) (C1 humaine recombinante
inhibiteur) pour le traitement des attaques aiguës d'angio-œdème héréditaire (AOH) en
la République de Corée.

En vertu de l'accord, Hyupjin conduira l'approbation réglementaire en Corée et
acheter ses fournitures commerciales de RUCONEST de Pharming à un transfert fixe
prix.

« la collaboration avec une entreprise bien établie comme société de Hyupjin,
dans le cadre de nos efforts continus visant à étendre la commercialisation de RUCONEST est
très excitant pour nous » dit Sijmen de Vries, directeur général de Pharming. « nous sommes très
hâte d'avoir RUCONEST distribué par tel un partenaire expérimenté dans
Corée. Avec cette entente avec la société Hyupjin, nous avons maintenant deux fortes
partenaires en Asie pour la distribution de RUCONEST, tandis que les discussions se poursuivent
avec des partenaires potentiels pour les autres territoires. »

m. Macsan Cho, directeur général de la société Hyupjin, dit: « dans notre continue
afin d'apporter le plus innovateur thérapeutique aux patients, cet accord à
distribuer permettent RUCONEST sera maintenant nous les patients HAE coréenne de l'accès
de cette façon plus innovante pour traiter leur maladie. Compte tenu de nos établis de longue date
relations en immunologie, nous estimons que le RUCONEST vient compléter notre existant
portefeuille de produits très bien et nous avons hâte de commencer. »



sur RUCONEST (RHUCIN en territoires non européens) et angio-œdème héréditaire
RUCONEST(®) (alfa INN conestat) est une version recombinée de la protéine humaine C1
inhibiteur (C1INH). RUCONEST est produit par le biais de Pharming ' s exclusifs
technologie dans le lait de lapines transgéniques et en Europe est approuvée en vertu de la
nom RUCONESTfor traitement des attaques de l'angio-œdème aigu chez les patients atteints d'AOH.
RHUCIN(®) est un médicament expérimental aux États-Unis et a été accordé orphelin
désignation pour le traitement des attaques aiguës d'OAH, un désordre génétique de drogue
dans laquelle le patient est déficient en ou ne dispose pas d'une protéine plasmatique fonctionnelle C1
inhibiteur, résultant dans l'imprévisible et débilitante des épisodes intenses
gonflement des extrémités, visage, tronc, organes génitaux, abdomen et des voies respiratoires supérieures.
La fréquence et la gravité des attaques HAE varient et sont plus graves quand ils
impliquent un œdème laryngé, fermer les voies aériennes supérieures qui peut causer la mort par
asphyxie. Selon l'Association d'angio-œdème héréditaire aux États-Unis,
les estimations épidémiologiques pour HAE allant d'un à 10 000 pour un de 50 000
individus.

Propos de Pharming Group NV
Pharming Group NV met au point des produits novateurs pour le traitement des besoins non comblés
besoins médicaux. RUCONEST ® (RHUCIN ® dans les territoires non européens) est un recombinant
humaine C1 inhibiteur approuvé pour le traitement des attaques de l'angio-oedème chez les patients
avec HAE dans tous les 27 pays de l'UE plus la Norvège, Islande et Liechtenstein et est
distribué dans l'UE par la Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (OMX : SOBI). RHUCIN ® est
en partenariat avec Santarus, Inc. (NASDAQ : programme) en Amérique du Nord où la drogue est
en cours de développement clinique de Phase III. Le produit est également évalué
indications suivi dans les domaines de la transplantation et de reperfusion
dommage. Les technologies avancées de la société sont novateurs et
validé des plates-formes de production de la thérapeutique de la protéine, la technologie et
des processus pour la purification et la formulation de ces produits. Une faisabilité
étudier, grâce à la plate-forme de lapin transgénique validés, vise au développement
de recombinaison de facteur VIII pour le traitement de l'hémophilie a est en cours avec
partenaire, vie Renova, Inc. des renseignements supplémentaires sont disponibles sur le Pharming
site, pharming.

À propos de Corporation Hyupjin
dont le siège est à Séoul, Corée, Hyupjin Corporation développe et distribue des
des produits de santé des entreprises importants aux USA et en Europe depuis 1975.
Avec 30 ans d'expérience dans le marché médical, Hyupjin Corporation a tight
relations avec les professionnels de la santé et a construit une vaste savoir-faire de
la communauté médicale. Hyupjin ' le portefeuille de produits s consiste principalement en oncologie
et produits d'immunologie, mais aussi médicaments en vente libre, suppléments alimentaires et des dispositifs médicaux.
Hyupjin a fait un effort cohérent pour le traitement de maladies incurables
avec amélioration du patient ' s qualité de vie. Pour plus d'informations,
, veuillez consulter hyupjincorp /index_en.php.


Ce communiqué contient des déclarations forward looking qui impliquent connues et
risques inconnus, des incertitudes et autres facteurs qui peuvent causer la réelle
résultats, performances ou réalisations de la société d'être sensiblement différents
des résultats, performances ou réalisations explicite ou implicite de ces
avant les déclarations prospectives.

Contact
Sijmen de Vries, directeur général: T: + 31 (0) 71 524 7400
Karl Keegan, CFO : T: + 31 (0) 71 524 7400

FTI Consulting
Julia Phillips / John Dineen, T: + 44 (0) 207 269 7193

###
40 de 75 - 04/6/2012 09:54
djurjura Messages postés: 835 - Membre depuis: 21/2/2008


PHARMING FOR FARMACEUTICALS






Pharming: it's not just another misspelled word! The term "pharming" comes from a combination of the words "farming" and "pharmaceuticals" - a melding of the most basic methods of agriculture with the most advanced biotechnology.

Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own DNA, or to splice in new DNA, called a transgene, from another species. In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are mostly used to make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or blood, and then collected and purified. Livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and pigs have already been modified in this way to produce several useful proteins and drugs.

How do you change an animal's DNA?

Producing a whole transgenic animal with the same new piece of DNA incorporated into every single cell may seem like a difficult feat. In reality, it is quite simple, because every animal begins as one cell that divides over and over again until the animal is fully developed. To ensure that every cell in an animal contains the same new piece of DNA, all a scientist needs to do is add the DNA to a single cell (such as a fertilized egg) before it starts dividing. This can be done by microinjecting the cell with a very fine needle. (View the animation to see how this is done.)



The injected embryos are then tested to see which ones have the transgene in their DNA. The ones that do are put in a surrogate mother's uterus to develop. A successful transgenic animal will produce the desired protein without damaging its own health and pass this ability on to its offspring.

Before the advent of cloning techniques, microinjection of fertilized eggs was the only method for producing transgenic livestock. Using this approach to produce a herd or flock of transgenic animals was a long and expensive process, though, because only a small number of animals end up with the transgene in their genome, and not all of these will pass on the transgene to their offspring. Cloning changes the face of pharming technology, however: when one suitable transgenic animal has been raised, it is then possible to produce an unlimited number of genetically identical animals quickly.

What types of products are made using transgenic technology?

The first successful products of genetic engineering were protein drugs like insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, and growth hormone. These proteins are made in large quantities by genetically engineered bacteria or yeast in large "bioreactors." Some drugs are also made in transgenic plants, such as tobacco.

Some human proteins that are used as drugs require biological modifications that only the cells of mammals, such as cows, goats and sheep, can provide. For these drugs, production in transgenic animals is a good option. Using farm animals for drug production has many advantages because they are reproducible, have flexible production and are easily maintained. They also have a great delivery method: just milk them.

Just milk them?

Sure. It's just about the best way to recover large quantities of a protein encoded by a transgene. More importantly, since the mammary gland and milk are not part of the main life support systems of the animal, there is not much risk of harm to the animal that's making the transgenic protein.

The challenge is to get the new transgene expressed only in the milk. To do this, scientists join the gene for the protein drug with a DNA signal, called a promoter, which is only active in the mammary gland. So the transgene, while present in every cell of the animal, is only active where the milk is made. Some examples of the drugs currently being tested are antithrombin III and tissue plasminogen activator to treat blood clots, erythropoietin for anemia, blood clotting factors VIII and IX for hemophilia, and alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema and cystic fibrosis.

Spiderman II: Spidergoat?

It sounds like a sequel to "Spiderman: The Movie" - Spidergoat! OK, maybe not, but it is a very interesting application of transgenics. The dragline form of spider silk is regarded as the strongest material known; it's 5 times stronger than steel and twice as strong as Kevlar. People have actually tried starting "spider farms" to harvest silk, but the spiders are too aggressive and territorial to live close together. They also like to eat each other.

Though the genes for dragline silk were isolated several years ago, attempts to produce it in bacterial and mammalian cell culture have failed. When the genes were put into a goat and expressed in the mammary glands, however, the animal produced silk proteins in its milk that could be spun into a fine thread with all the properties of spider-made silk. This can be used to make lighter, stronger bulletproof vests, thinner thread for surgery and stitches or indestructible clothes.

What's all the phuss?

Many people have moral and ethical concerns about the necessity of pharming. Are the ends able to justify the means? Are there other ways to get the same results?

Like other forms of animal research, pharming has the potential to cause suffering and harm to the animals involved. Because of the somewhat random nature of gene insertion of microinjected DNA, genes are not always expressed in the appropriate tissues or at appropriate levels. It is possible that a transgene would be activated in places other than the mammary gland, and the resulting protein may be toxic to the animal.

In addition, there is a chance that the transgene DNA, when microinjected into the fertilized egg, may insert itself into the genome in a way that disrupts the animal's normal gene function. If this happens, it can lead to birth defects, poor brain development, cancer, arthritis, diabetes or other health problems.



To try to avoid these random effects, scientists are using viruses to target where the genes are inserted. A type of virus called a "retrovirus" inserts its genetic material into the cell's genome in a predictable manner, targeting specific sequences that typically don't interrupt the normal functions of a cell.

The retrovirus approach leads to fewer problems with development, but it has raised concerns about the possibility of new viruses being created and spread when the transgene's viral components associate with naturally occurring viruses that may be present in an organism. An alternative to retroviruses is to develop more powerful screening methods to tell if the transgene is functioning properly in the embryo prior to implanting in the uterus.

Another concern is the number of failed attempts to get an acceptable transgenic animal. Typically, only 1% of injected eggs will result in a live birth containing the transgene, and not all of those animals will express the transgene in an acceptable manner. For many, the high cost, in both animal lives and money, of making a transgenic animal is not worth the possible benefits. However, others feel that the cost is justified by the human lives that could be saved by the drugs produced.

Some of the proteins currently being pharmed can be collected from donated human blood. However, the need is far greater than the supply, and there is also the possibility of unwanted contamination in any human blood-derived products. Each case needs to be weighed separately to compare the benefits and risks. For example, in the Spidergoat case, the spider silk would replace many common petroleum-based products that require toxic chemicals to produce.

There are always good and bad points to medical research. Can we justify causing some harm to cure greater suffering? Is the long-term result such that it justifies using animals to produce medically necessary proteins? What about those products that are not necessary but improve quality of life? There are many successes and failures that could argue for or against transgenic research, but it's up to each of us to decide how we think about it.

Funding for this feature was provided by the Educational Resources Development Council, University of Utah.

Author: David Gillespie

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