LGHL Lion Group Holding Ltd

This Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or Lion Group Holding Ltd.’s (the “Company”) future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “can”, “continue”, “could”, “estimates”, “intends”, “may”, “plans”, “potential”, “predict”, “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions, uncertainties and other factors may cause the Company’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The information in this Report on Form 6-K is not intended to project future performance of the Company. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company does not guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Report on Form 6-K is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Report on Form 6-K is filed to confirm these statements to actual results, unless required by law.

Note 1 — Organization and Principal Activities

Lion Group Holding Ltd. (the “Company”, “Lion” or “LGHL”) is a company with limited liability registered as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands.

The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”) provide securities, futures and derivatives brokerage services, insurance brokerage services, total return swap trading services, and market maker trading services. As a result of the consummation of a business combination with Proficient Alpha Acquisition Corp., a Nevada corporation (“PAAC”) which was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, the Company’s ordinary shares and warrants started to be traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the ticker symbols LGHL and LGHLW, respectively on June 17, 2020. Each American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) of the Company represented one Class A ordinary share upon the closing. On July 13, 2023, the ADS ratio was changed from one (1) ADS representing one (1) Share to one (1) ADS representing fifty (50) Shares.

Principal Activities

The Group generates commission revenues by enabling its customers to trade in securities, futures and derivative markets throughout the world. The Group’s trading customers consist of corporate clients, individual traders and retail investors primarily located in People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and Southeast Asia, although its trading platform allows it to serve customers worldwide.

The Group also generates commission revenues by providing insurance brokerage services to high-net-worth individuals primarily located in the PRC.

In May 2019, the Group began to serve as the counterparty to its customers in derivative transactions. This predominantly occurs when a customer utilizes a contract for difference (CFD). CFDs allow for the exchange of the difference in value of a particular asset such as a currency pair between the time at which a contract is opened and the time at which it is closed. If the trades of one customer can be used to naturally offset the trades of another customer, the Group will act as the market maker to offer liquidity and pricing to both customers. When such an offsetting is not available, the Group may choose to use its own trades to offset the trades of its customer, and the Group may also act as a broker in arranging trades between the customer and third-party market makers.

The Group officially began offering total return swap (TRS) trading services to customers in July 2020. The Group has entered into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master agreements and related supplementary agreements with two of the top five swap traders in China. The Group is currently offering A-shares (shares that are denominated in Renminbi and traded in the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange) and Hong Kong stock basket linked TRS, which provides international investors seeking to invest in the China stock market with higher leverage compared with buying A-share stocks directly. The Group earns income from the spread on interest rate loans provided to TRS trading customers and loans borrowed from its business partners. In addition, the Group also receives commissions and fees from customers for trades made through the TRS trading service.

The subsidiaries of the Company include a participant of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (“SEHK”) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”), remote trading member of Singapore Exchange Limited (“SGX”), and member of the Professional Insurance Brokers Association Limited (“PIBA”); possess the licenses issued by Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (“HKSFC”) to carry out regulated activities including Type 1 Dealing in Securities, Type 2 Dealing in Futures Contracts, Type 4 Advising on Securities, Type 5 Advising on Futures Contracts, and Type 9 Asset Management, the full license issued by Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (“CIMA”) to carry out securities investment business including Broker Dealer and Market Maker, and the Capital Markets Service License (“CMS License”) issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies

Note 3 — Revenue Recognition

Under ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers in exchange for an amount that reflects the consideration the Group expects to be entitled to and in return for transferring those goods or services.

Significant Judgments

Revenue from contracts with customers include commission income from securities, futures and derivative brokerage, market making trading and insurance brokerage. The recognition and measurement of revenue is based on the assessment of individual contract terms. Significant judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time or over time; how to allocate transaction prices where multiple performance obligations are identified; when to recognize revenue based on the appropriate measure of progress under the contract; whether revenue should be presented gross or net of certain costs; and whether constraints on variable consideration should be applied due to uncertain future events.

Note 4 — Fair Value

Fair Value Hierarchy

FASB ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and establishes a hierarchy of fair value inputs. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. Valuation techniques that are consistent with the market, income or cost approach, as specified by FASB ASC 820, are used to measure fair value.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels:

Note 5 — Short-term Loans Receivable

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group issued notes receivable in an aggregate of approximately $8,564,000 to two unrelated parties and received total repayments of approximately $1,499,000 including interest of $51,000. The notes were due in six months and accrue interest at a rate of 12% per annum.  As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate outstanding balance of loan receivables above was approximately $7,126,000. During the year ended December 31, 2022, interest income earned on the notes were $500,759.

On April 6, 2023, the Group entered into an asset acquisition agreement with Hangzhou Lanlian Technology Co., Ltd. (“Lanlian”), to acquire various software systems for its trading service, which includes Real-time High Performance Risk Management System, Intelligent Dynamic Order Distribution System, and Margin-based Securities Trading System. The acquisition was closed in November 2023 upon which Lanlian conveyed and delivered to the Group the software systems. The aggregate purchase price for the software systems was $7,850,000. On April 13, 2023, the Group entered into Deeds of Assignments with the unrelated borrowers discussed above and Lanlian. As a result, the Group assigned the outstanding loans receivable and accrued interest in an aggregate of approximate $7,766,000 to Lanlian as part of the payment for the purchase price. No gains or losses are recognized. The remaining purchase price will be settled in March 2024. As of June 30, 2023, loan receivable was zero and the payment of $7,766,000 was included in other assets as the assets purchase was closed in November 2023.

Note 6 — Fixed Assets, Net

Fixed assets consisted of the following as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Depreciation expense was $874,858 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Depreciation expense, excluding depreciation expense of the mining machines during the operation was $1,198,122, and are included in operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

The Group recorded $-0- and $1,690,028 impairment charges related to mining machines for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 7 — Derivatives

Derivative financial instruments used for trading purposes are carried at fair value. Fair values for exchange-traded derivatives, principally futures and certain options, are based on quoted market prices. Fair values for OTC derivative financial instruments, principally CFDs are based on spot exchange rates broadly distributed in active markets, OTC option contracts are based on stock price and stock volatility.

Factors taken into consideration in estimating the fair value of OTC derivatives include market liquidity, concentrations, and funding and administrative costs incurred.

The Group does not apply hedge accounting as defined in ASC 815, because all financial instruments are recorded at fair value with changes in fair values reflected in earnings. Therefore, certain of the disclosures required under ASC 815 are generally not applicable with respect to these financial instruments.

As discussed in Note 1, the Group’s derivative trading activity primarily relates to situations where it assumes the role of a market maker or a counter party in its customers’ CFD and options transactions. If the trades of one customer can be used to naturally hedge and offset the trades of another customer, the Group will act as the market maker to offer liquidity and pricing to both customers. When such an offsetting is not available, the Group may choose to use its own trades to hedge and offset the trades of its customer.

The contractual amounts related to CFDs reflect the volume and activity and generally do not reflect the amounts at risk. The fair value of the asset or liability is the best indicator of the Group’s risk. The credit risk for the CFDs and option contracts is limited to the unrealized fair value gains (losses) recorded in the balance sheets. Market risk is substantially dependent upon the value of the underlying assets and is affected by market forces such as volatility and changes in interest and foreign exchange rates. The Group’s open derivative positions were $0 and $54 as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Note 8 — Stockholders’ Equity

Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares

The Company was authorized to issue (i) 450,000,000 ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value per share, divided into 300,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 150,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, and (ii) 50,000,000 preferred shares, $0.0001 par value per share upon formation. As of June 16, 2020, subsequent to the closing of the business combination, there were 17,399,176 ordinary shares outstanding, including 7,647,962 Class A ordinary shares and 9,751,214 Class B ordinary shares, and no preferred shares outstanding. On November 12, 2020, as a result of post-merger consideration adjustment, additional 121,473 ordinary shares were issued to Lion’s original shareholders, including 29,591 Class A ordinary shares and 91,882 Class B ordinary shares.

An aggregate of 1,933,740 Class B ordinary shares set aside as the indemnity escrow shares following the closing of the business combination was no longer subject to forfeiture in June 2023. An aggregate of 3,876,481 Class B ordinary shares set aside as the earnout escrow shares was to be forfeited as the 2021 net income and 2022 net income targets were not met.

The shareholders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for the voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and is not convertible into Class B ordinary share under any circumstance; and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes, and is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, subject to adjustments for any subdivision or combination. On February 16, 2022 and January 13, 2023, the Company held General Meetings of Shareholders that approved the increase by the number of votes attached to Class B Ordinary Shares from ten (10) votes per Class B Ordinary Share to twenty five (25) votes per Class B Ordinary Share, and from twenty five (25) votes per Class B Ordinary Share to one hundred (100) votes per Class B Ordinary Share, respectively. 

Note 9 — Stock-Based Compensation

2020 Share Incentive Plan

In June 2020, in connection with the Business Combination, the Company’s board approved the 2020 Share Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and reserved 4,632,449 ordinary shares for issuance thereunder. The Company’s employees, non-employee directors and consultants are eligible to receive options, restricted shares, restricted share units, dividend equivalents, deferred shares, share payments or share appreciation rights, which may be awarded or granted under the Plan (collectively, “Awards”). As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, a total of 3,936,504 shares each had been granted under the 2020 Plan and a total of 695,945 shares each remained available for future awards.

On March 3, 2022, 2,450,000 deferred shares were granted to certain non-employee consultants for their services for the years of 2022 and 2023. All of the deferred shares granted are fully vested on the grant date. The Company estimated the fair value of shares at the closing price of $0.75 on the grant date in an aggregate of $1,837,500. The stock-based compensation expenses are recognized over the requisite service period.

The following table provides the details of the total share-based payments under 2020 Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. 

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately $0.5 million and $1 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to future services was expected to be recognized over a period of approximately six months and one year, respectively.

Note 10 — Income Taxes

The current and deferred portions of the income tax expense included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as determined in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, are as follows:

A reconciliation of the difference between the expected income tax expense or benefit computed at applicable statutory income tax rates and the Group’s income tax expense is shown in the following table:

Significant components of the Group’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) are presented below: