Amended Annual and Transition Report (foreign Private Issuer) (20-f/a)

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F/A

(Amendment No. 1)

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38665

CooTek (Cayman) Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

11F, T2, No.16, Lane 399, Xinlong Road, Minhang District
Shanghai, 201101

People’s Republic of China

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Karl Kan Zhang, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Technology Officer

11F, T2, No.16, Lane 399, Xinlong Road, Minhang District

Shanghai, 201101 People’s Republic of China
Phone: +86 021 6485 6352
Email: ir@cootek.com

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)⁽¹⁾	Name of each exchange on which registered⁽¹⁾
American depositary shares, each representing 50 Class A ordinary shares*	CTK	New York Stock Exchange

Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00001 per share**		New York Stock Exchange**

*Effective on May 9, 2022, the ratio of ADSs to our Class A ordinary shares was changed from one ADS representing 50 Class A ordinary shares to one ADS representing 650 Class A ordinary shares.

**Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange and quoting on the OTC Market, as applicable, of ADSs.

(1)

On June 6, 2022, the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, applied to the SEC by filing a Form 25 to delist the ADSs of CooTek (Cayman) Inc., which became effective on June 16, 2022. CooTek (Cayman) Inc.’s ADSs have been quoted on the OTC Market under the symbol “CTKYY” after the NYSE suspended the trading of CooTek (Cayman) Inc.’s ADSs in May 2022.

Table of Contents

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

As of December 31, 2021, there were 3,638,033,656 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value US$0.00001 per share, being the sum of 3,391,809,191 Class A ordinary shares and 246,224,465 Class B ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒
		Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


U.S. GAAP ☒		International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐		Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Auditor Name:	Auditor Location: Shanghai, China	Auditor Firm ID: 1113
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS


EXPLANATORY NOTE			1
INTRODUCTION			2
PART I			4
	ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	4
PART II			77
	ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	77
PART III			79
	ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	79
SIGNATURES			81

Table of Contents

EXPLANATORY NOTE

CooTek (Cayman) Inc. (the “Company”) is filing this Amendment No. 1 on Form 20-F/A (this “Amendment No. 1”) to amend its annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 29, 2022 (the “Original Filing”) as a partial amendment to address certain comments from the Staff of the SEC in relation to the Original Filing. Accordingly, the Company is restating in their entirety the following sections of the Original Filing: (i) “Introduction,” (ii) “Part I—Item 3. Key Information,” (iii) “Part II—Item 15. Controls and Procedures,” and (iv) “Part III—Item 19. Exhibits” in this Amendment No. 1.

This Amendment No. 1 speaks as of the filing date of the Original Filing, or April 29, 2022. No attempt has been made in this Amendment No. 1 to modify or update in any way the financial statements or any other items or disclosure in the Original Filing, except as required to reflect the amendments in response to the Staff’s comments. Except as specifically noted herein, this Amendment No. 1 does not amend, update or restate any of the information previously included in the Original Filing, nor does this Amendment No. 1 reflect any event that has occurred after the date of the Original Filing. Accordingly, this Amendment No. 1 should be read in conjunction with the Original Filing and the Company’s other filings with the SEC subsequent to April 29, 2022.

As required by Rule 12b-15 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Company is also filing or furnishing the certifications required under Section 302 and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as exhibits to this Amendment No. 1.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

●

“CooTek,” are to CooTek (Cayman) Inc., and “we,” “us,” “our company” or “our” are to CooTek (Cayman) Inc. and its subsidiaries, and in the context of describing the operations and consolidated financial information, the VIEs (as defined below) and the VIEs’ subsidiaries;

●

“China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China;

●

“Class A ordinary shares” are to our Class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.00001 per share;

●

“Class B ordinary shares” are to our Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.00001 per share;

●

“shares” or “ordinary shares” are to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.00001 per share;

●

“ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents 50 Class A ordinary shares;

●

“ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;

●

“average daily reading time” for a given day is calculated by dividing (i) the sum of time spent on reading books on our Fengdu Novel for such day by (ii) the number of Fengdu Novel users who spent time on reading books for such day; and “average daily reading time” for a given month is calculated by dividing (i) the sum of average daily reading time for each day in such month by (ii) the number of days in such month;

●

“DAUs” are to the number of active users of our products during a given day. For each individual product, we treat each mobile device on which at least one of the following actions is taken during a given day as one active user for that day: (i) activating or launching such product, (ii) logging in with the user account for such product, or (iii) any other actions that result in a successful network access to our services through such product. The DAUs of multiple products during a given day is the sum of active users of each such product for that day;

●

“MAUs” are to the number of active users of our products during a given month. For each individual product, we treat each mobile device on which at least one of the following actions is taken during a given month as one active user for that month: (i) activating or launching such product, (ii) logging in with the user account for such product, or (iii) any other actions that result in a successful network access to our services through such product. The MAUs of multiple products during a given month is the sum of active users of each such product for that month;

●

“our portfolio products” and “content-rich mobile applications” are to the content-rich mobile applications that we develop and provide to our users and business partners, which excludes TouchPal Smart Input and TouchPal Phonebook, and among these portfolio products, we refer to the mobile applications that provide our users with vertical contents at specific scenarios, such as fitness and healthcare, as “scenario-based mobile apps”;

●

“the VIEs” are to Shanghai Chubao (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd., Molihong (Shenzhen) Internet Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Qiaohan Technology Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Qinglin Network Technology Co., Ltd., all of which are companies incorporated in mainland China in which we do not have equity interests but whose financial results have been consolidated into our consolidated financial statements based solely on contractual arrangements in accordance with U.S. GAAP;

●

“RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of mainland China; and

Table of Contents

●

“US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States.

All discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.

Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.3726 to US$1.00, the exchange rate on December 30, 2021 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIEs

CooTek (Cayman) Inc. is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs. We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in the provision of internet information services. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in mainland China through the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, and rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs and their nominee shareholders to control the business operations of the VIEs. Revenues contributed by the VIEs accounted for 52%, 81% and 37% of our total revenues for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. As used in this annual report, “CooTek,” are to CooTek (Cayman) Inc., and “we,” “us,” “our company” or “our” are to CooTek (Cayman) Inc. and its subsidiaries, and in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, including Shanghai Chubao (Cootek) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Chubao, Molihong (Shenzhen) Internet Technology Co., Ltd., or Molihong, Shanghai Qiaohan Technology Co., Ltd., or Qiaohan, and Shanghai Qinglin Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Qinglin, in mainland China and their subsidiaries. Holders of our ADSs hold equity interest in CooTek (Cayman) Inc., our Cayman Islands holding company, and do not have direct or indirect equity interests in the VIEs and their subsidiaries.

Table of Contents

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries and other entities that are material to our business, as of the date of this annual report:

(1)

Karl Kan Zhang, Susan Qiaoling Li, Michael Jialiang Wang, Jim Jian Wang and Haiyan Zhu are the beneficial owners of CooTek (Cayman) Inc., and each holds 25.0%, 21.94%, 21.94%, 13.12% and 18.0% of the equity interests in Shanghai Chubao, respectively. Karl Kan Zhang and Susan Qiaoling Li are our co-founders, directors and executive officers. Michael Jialiang Wang is our consultant and one of our directors. Jim Jian Wang is one of our directors. Haiyan Zhu is one of our early investors.

(2)	Two of our employees holds 100% of the equity interests in Molihong, one holds 99% and the other holds 1%.

Table of Contents

(3)	Each of Michael Jialiang Wang and Jim Jian Wang holds 50% of the equity interests in Qiaohan.

(4)	Two of our employees each hold 50% of the equity interests in Qinglin.

A series of contractual agreements have been entered into by and among our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs and their respective shareholders, which include exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive purchase option agreement, loan agreement, equity agreement, power of attorney and spouse consent letters. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders are substantially similar. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIEs and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders for our operations in mainland China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.”

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their nominee shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the VIEs is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in mainland China do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the VIEs. Our contractual arrangements with the VIEs have not been tested in court to date. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in the VIEs. If the PRC government determines that our contractual arrangements with the VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations, and our ADSs may decline significantly in value or become worthless. Our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a whole. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be of little or no value. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Table of Contents

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries in China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries have not obtained all the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries in mainland China, including, among others, the internet publication service license, publication codes, and internet audio-visual program transmission license. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. If we, our subsidiaries, the VIEs or the VIEs’ subsidiaries do not receive or maintain any necessary permissions or approvals, inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the necessary permissions or approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could subject us to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws, regulations and governmental policies in China and other countries and regions where we have business. Many of these laws, regulations and governmental policies are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, or declines in our growth or engagement, financial performance, or otherwise harm our business.”

Furthermore, in connection with our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors, as of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs, (i) are not required to obtain permissions from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through cyber security review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and (iii) have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, JunHe LLP, under the currently effective PRC laws and regulations, we are not required to obtain any permission from or complete any filing with the CSRC or go through a cybersecurity review by the CAC for our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors.

However, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of, or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCAA states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments implementing the disclosure and submission requirements of the HFCAA, pursuant to which the SEC will identify an issuer as a “Commission Identified Issuer” if the issuer has filed an annual report containing an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and will then impose a trading prohibition on an issuer after it is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for three consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB identified our auditor as one of the registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely. In May 2022, in connection with its implementation of the HFCAA, the SEC conclusively named our company as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC on April 29, 2022.

Table of Contents

Whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditor before the issuance of our financial statements on Form 20-F for the year ending December 31, 2023 which is due by April 30, 2024, or at all, is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. Such a prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares. The related risks and uncertainties could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill which would reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two. On February 4, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill which contained, among other things, an identical provision. If this provision is enacted into law and the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA is reduced from three years to two, then our shares and ADSs could be prohibited from trading in the United States in 2023. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB is currently unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections over our auditor deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, in 2024 if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China, or in 2023 if proposed changes to the law are enacted. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

CooTek (Cayman) Inc. transfers cash to its wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiaries by making capital contributions or providing loans, and the Hong Kong subsidiaries transfer cash to the subsidiaries in mainland China by making capital contributions or providing loans to them. Because CooTek (Cayman) Inc. and Shanghai Chule control the VIEs through contractual arrangements, they are not able to make direct capital contribution to the VIEs and their subsidiaries. However, they may transfer cash to the VIEs by loans or by making payments to the VIEs for inter-group transactions.

We currently do not have cash management policies in place that dictate how funds are transferred between CooTek (Cayman) Inc., our subsidiaries, and the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.

Under the currently effective PRC laws and regulations, an offshore holding company may provide funding to its PRC subsidiaries mainly through capital contributions or loans, and to the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries only through loans. Capital contributions are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the foreign investment information reporting system and registration with the local counterpart of the State Administration for Market Regulation. Loans must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.

CooTek (Cayman) Inc. provided an aggregate amount of US$5.4 million, US$16.0 million and US$37.8 million as loan or capital investments to our intermediate holding companies and subsidiaries, and received an aggregate repayment of US$8.0 million, US$25.9 million and US$19.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Under the contractual arrangements with the VIEs, the VIEs are entitled to receive loans from Shanghai Chule for the provisions of certain support services to Shanghai Chule. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, our VIEs received net proceeds from loans of US$20.7 million, US$30.8 million and US$41.9 million from the WFOE, respectively. The VIEs earned various revenues from the WFOE and other company subsidiaries, including advertising revenue, reimbursement of expenses, etc.

Table of Contents

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, no dividends or distributions were made to CooTek (Cayman) Inc. by our subsidiaries. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of mainland China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries and the net assets of the VIEs in which we have no legal ownership, totaling to US$88 million as of December 31, 2021. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares.”

In the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization.

CooTek (Cayman) Inc. has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it has any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. For more information, see “item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”

Financial Information Related to the VIEs

The following table presents the condensed consolidating schedule of financial position for CooTek (Cayman) Inc., its subsidiaries, and the VIEs as of the dates presented.

Selected Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations Data


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
				Consolidated
		Other		Variable
	CooTek	Company		Interest		Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE	Entities	Eliminations	Total
Third-party revenues	—	74,265,799	96,496,701	101,383,321	—	272,145,821
Inter-company revenues⁽¹⁾	—	—	24,956,275	—	(24,956,275)	—
Other Inter-company services revenues	—	—	43,169,813	26,852,720	(70,022,533)	—
Total revenues	—	74,265,799	164,622,789	128,236,041	(94,978,808)	272,145,821
Third-party cost of revenues and operating expenses	(7,550,295)	(46,240,657)	(94,379,940)	(132,686,156)	—	(280,857,048)
Inter-company cost of revenues and operating expenses	—	(60,220,981)	(9,801,552)	—	70,022,533	—
Other inter-company service fee⁽²⁾	—	—	—	(24,956,275)	24,956,275	—
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses	(7,550,295)	(106,461,638)	(104,181,492)	(157,642,431)	94,978,808	(280,857,048)
(Loss) income from non-operations	(4,418,679)	(1,104,865)	801,293	(326,830)	—	(5,049,081)
(Loss) income before income taxes	(11,968,974)	(33,300,704)	61,242,590	(29,733,220)	—	(13,760,308)
Equity method loss	—	—	—	(65,084)	—	(65,084)
Equity in (loss) income from subsidiaries	(1,908,388)	31,444,286	—	—	(29,535,898)	—
Share of loss from VIEs	—	—	(29,798,304)	—	29,798,304	—
Income tax expense	—	(51,970)	—	—	—	(51,970)
Net (loss) income	(13,877,362)	(1,908,388)	31,444,286	(29,798,304)	262,406	(13,877,362)

Notes:

(1)	It represents the inter-company revenue that the WFOE earned from VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

(2)	It represents the service fee that the WFOE charged VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

Table of Contents


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
				Consolidated
		Other		Variable
	CooTek	Company		Interest		Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE	Entities	Eliminations	Total
Third-party revenues	—	64,336,466	21,652,183	355,516,582	—	441,505,231
Inter-company revenues⁽¹⁾	—	—	42,803,451	—	(42,803,451)	—
Other Inter-company services revenues	—	—	12,041,707	23,373,516	(35,415,223)	—
Total revenues	—	64,336,466	76,497,341	378,890,098	(78,218,674)	441,505,231
Third-party cost of revenues and operating expenses	(6,130,096)	(48,861,698)	(83,031,266)	(351,328,777)	—	(489,351,837)
Inter-company cost of revenues and operating expenses	—	(25,445,617)	(9,969,606)	—	35,415,223	—
Other inter-company service fee⁽²⁾	—	—	—	(42,803,451)	42,803,451	—
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses	(6,130,096)	(74,307,315)	(93,000,872)	(394,132,228)	78,218,674	(489,351,837)
Income (loss) from non-operations	112,481	2,605,572	150,897	(2,381,986)	—	486,964
Loss before income taxes	(6,017,615)	(7,365,277)	(16,352,634)	(17,624,116)	—	(47,359,642)
Equity in loss from subsidiaries	(41,349,114)	(33,976,750)	—	—	75,325,864	—
Share of loss from VIEs	—	—	(17,624,116)	—	17,624,116	—
Income tax expense	—	(7,087)	—	—	—	(7,087)
Net loss	(47,366,729)	(41,349,114)	(33,976,750)	(17,624,116)	92,949,980	(47,366,729)

Notes:

(1)	It represents the inter-company revenue that the WFOE earned from VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

(2)	It represents the service fee that the WFOE charged VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
				Consolidated
		Other		Variable
	CooTek	Company		Interest		Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE	Entities	Eliminations	Total
Third-party revenues	51,152	56,912,064	29,218,822	91,701,067	—	177,883,105
Inter-company revenues⁽¹⁾	—	—	16,160,822	—	(16,160,822)	—
Other Inter-company services revenues	—	—	21,752,785	4,295,123	(26,047,908)	—
Total revenues	51,152	56,912,064	67,132,429	95,996,190	(42,208,730)	177,883,105
Third-party cost of revenues and operating expenses	(3,543,433)	(35,406,357)	(41,247,164)	(134,451,276)	—	(214,648,230)
Inter-company cost of revenues and operating expenses	—	(21,752,785)	(4,295,123)	—	26,047,908	—
Other inter-company service fee⁽²⁾	—	—	—	(16,160,822)	16,160,822	—
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses	(3,543,433)	(57,159,142)	(45,542,287)	(150,612,098)	42,208,730	(214,648,230)
(Loss) income from non-operations	(2,494)	118,220	276,828	(471,776)	—	(79,222)
Income (Loss) before income taxes	(3,494,775)	(128,858)	21,866,970	(55,087,684)	—	(36,844,347)
Equity in loss from subsidiaries	(33,351,286)	(33,221,628)	—	—	66,572,914	—
Share of loss from VIEs	—	—	(55,088,598)	—	55,088,598	—
Income tax expense	—	(800)	—	(914)	—	(1,714)
Net (loss) income	(36,846,061)	(33,351,286)	(33,221,628)	(55,088,598)	121,661,512	(36,846,061)

Notes:

(1)	It represents the inter-company revenue that the WFOE earned from VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

Table of Contents

(2)	It represents the service fee that the WFOE charged VIEs based on the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

Selected Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets Data


	As of December 31, 2021
				Consolidated
		Other		Variable
	CooTek	Company		Interest		Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE	Entities	Eliminations	Total
Cash and cash equivalents	442,771	5,176,108	8,349,407	4,263,844	—	18,232,130
Restricted cash	—	59,999	—	139,080	—	199,079
Short-term investments	—	50,044	—	—	—	50,044
Accounts receivable, net	—	7,744,600	6,826,547	6,911,955	—	21,483,102
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	463,093	10,489	3,712,890	6,677,808	—	10,864,280
Property and equipment, net	—	338,721	2,589,974	159,514	—	3,088,209
Intangible assets, net	—	—	248,966	—	—	248,966
Long-term investments	—	—	—	313,691	—	313,691
Amount due from intercompany	—	6,909,625	61,774,666	3,985,062	(72,669,353)	—
Advances due from intercompany	3,761,733	1,227,534	—	—	(4,989,267)	—
Operating lease right-of-use assets	—	166,962	519,127	485,196	—	1,171,285
Other non-current assets	—	605,423	—	174,957	—	780,380
Total assets	4,667,597	22,289,505	84,021,577	23,111,107	(77,658,620)	56,431,166
Accounts payable	—	10,927,862	3,682,314	13,149,951	—	27,760,127
Short-term bank borrowings	—	—	3,970,556	5,126,484	—	9,097,040
Accrued salary and benefits	—	99,378	4,357,228	145,698	—	4,602,304
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	801,988	1,959,743	1,590,874	4,033,675	—	8,386,280
Convertible Debt	9,175,892	—	—	—	—	9,175,892
Embedded derivative liability at fair value	553,707	—	—	—	—	553,707
Deferred revenue	136,129	1,320,721	26,431	459,887	—	1,943,168
Operating lease liabilities, current	—	210,081	298,635	300,894	—	809,610
Amount due to intercompany	—	3,985,062	—	68,684,291	(72,669,353)	—
Advances due to intercompany	—	168,613,474	72,103,616	61,458,121	(302,175,211)	—
Deficit in subsidiaries/VIEs⁽¹⁾	—	—	68,826,871	—	(68,826,871)	—
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	—	24,925	41,135	37,097	—	103,157
Total liabilities	10,667,716	187,141,246	154,897,660	153,396,098	(443,671,435)	62,431,285
Total shareholders’ equity (deficit)	(6,000,119)	(164,851,741)	(70,876,083)	(130,284,991)	366,012,815	(6,000,119)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity (deficit)	4,667,597	22,289,505	84,021,577	23,111,107	(77,658,620)	56,431,166

Note:

(1)

Deficit in Subsidiaries/VIEs represents the amounts of accumulated losses from subsidiaries/VIEs that exceeding the investment’s carrying amounts and any additional financial support made in the form of intercompany loans and advances which are recorded as “Advances due from intercompany” in the Condensed Consolidating Statements of Balance Sheets.

Table of Contents


	As of December 31, 2020
	CooTek	Other		Consolidated
	(Cayman)	Company		Variable Interest		Consolidated
	Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE	Entities	Eliminations	Total
Cash and cash equivalents	128,005	4,994,205	12,441,574	7,105,349	—	24,669,133
Restricted cash	—	3,125,181	—	138,964	—	3,264,145
Short-term investments	—	50,028	—	—	—	50,028
Accounts receivable, net	—	6,364,190	5,647,954	16,115,202	—	28,127,346
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	30,596	505,745	3,624,173	7,912,712	—	12,073,226
Long-term restricted cash	—	—	—	21,689,436	—	21,689,436
Property and equipment, net	—	2,566,208	2,791,112	36,422	—	5,393,742
Intangible assets, net	—	11,128	385,367	—	—	396,495
Long-term investments	—	—	—	306,518	—	306,518
Amount due from intercompany	—	25,201,360	76,251,985	11,415,533	(112,868,878)	—
Advances due from intercompany	—	—	3,451,673	—	(3,451,673)	—
Other non-current assets	—	—	708,076	224,235	—	932,311
Total assets	158,601	42,818,045	105,301,914	64,944,371	(116,320,551)	96,902,380
Accounts payable	—	11,543,531	21,483,375	43,099,067	—	76,125,973
Short-term bank borrowings	—	—	10,690,105	267,917	—	10,958,022
Accrued salary and benefits	—	299,628	8,149,623	694,225	—	9,143,476
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	483,214	974,779	5,459,428	4,228,532	—	11,145,953
Deferred revenue	136,129	—	2,574,694	620,688	—	3,331,511
Amount due to intercompany	—	11,415,533	—	101,453,345	(112,868,878)	—
Advances due to intercompany	—	153,038,133	—	14,240,807	(167,278,940)	—
Deficit in subsidiaries /VIEs⁽¹⁾	13,341,813	28,474,714	85,419,402	—	(127,235,929)	—
Total liabilities	13,961,156	205,746,318	133,776,627	164,604,581	(407,383,747)	110,704,935
Total shareholders’ equity (deficit)	(13,802,555)	(162,928,273)	(28,474,713)	(99,660,210)	291,063,196	(13,802,555)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity (deficit)	158,601	42,818,045	105,301,914	64,944,371	(116,320,551)	96,902,380

Note:

(1)

Table of Contents

Selected Condensed Consolidating Cash Flows Data


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Consolidated
		Other			Variable
	CooTek	Company			Interest			Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE		Entities		Eliminations	Total
Proceeds of services charges from inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	—	70,403,873		18,938,356		(89,342,229)	—
Payments of services charges to inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	(41,530,543)	(6,590,331)		(41,221,355)		89,342,229	—
Net cash provided by (used in) transactions with third-parties	(4,017,545)	86,298,562	(86,031,841)		(47,292,865)		—	(51,043,689)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(4,017,545)	44,768,019	(22,218,299)		(69,575,864)		—	(51,043,689)
Loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	(37,795,461)	(63,329,576)	(80,725,938)	⁽³⁾	—		181,850,975	—
Repayments of loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	19,145,170	—	38,814,579		—		(57,959,749)	—
Other investing activities	—	(2,800,711)	1,497,839		(475,661)		—	(1,778,533)
Net cash used in investing activities	(18,650,291)	(66,130,287)	(40,413,520)		(475,661)		123,891,226	(1,778,533)
Net proceeds of loans from subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	—	18,650,291	63,329,576		41,911,359	⁽³⁾	(123,891,226)	—
Other financing activities	22,982,602	(18,847)	(6,836,652)		4,772,782		—	20,899,885
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	22,982,602	18,631,444	56,492,924		46,684,141		(123,891,226)	20,899,885

Notes:

(1)	It represents the elimination of payments and proceeds for the inter-company service charges at the consolidation level.

(2)	It represents the elimination of loans among CooTek (Cayman) Inc., other company subsidiaries, primary beneficiaries of VIEs, and VIEs.

(3)	The numbers represent the cash payments from the WFOE to the VIEs.

Table of Contents


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
					Consolidated
		Other			Variable
	CooTek	Company			Interest			Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE		Entities		Eliminations	Total
Proceeds of services charges from inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	—	29,295,618		23,489,557		(52,785,175)	—
Payments of services charges to inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	(32,346,307)	—		(20,438,868)		52,785,175	—
Net cash provided by (used in) transactions with third-parties	(776,576)	44,893,777	(28,466,224)		(16,502,735)		—	(851,758)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(776,576)	12,547,470	829,394		(13,452,046)		—	(851,758)
Loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	(16,000,000)	(27,774,137)	(30,756,464)	⁽³⁾	—		74,530,601	—
Repayments of loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	25,900,160	—	—		—		(25,900,160)	—
Other investing activities	—	(5,524,188)	3,224,574		(344,681)		—	(2,644,295)
Net cash used in investing activities	9,900,160	(33,298,325)	(27,531,890)		(344,681)		48,630,441	(2,644,295)
Net proceeds of loans from subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	—	(9,900,160)	27,774,138		30,756,463	⁽³⁾	(48,630,441)	—
Other financing activities	(9,999,146)	(3,076,113)	4,738,157		(163,132)		—	(8,500,234)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(9,999,146)	(12,976,273)	32,512,295		30,593,331		(48,630,441)	(8,500,234)

Notes:

(1)	It represents the elimination of payments and proceeds for the inter-company service charges at the consolidation level.

(2)	It represents the elimination of loans among CooTek (Cayman) Inc., other company subsidiaries, primary beneficiaries of VIEs, and VIEs.

(3)	The numbers represent the cash payments from the WFOE to the VIEs.

Table of Contents


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
					Consolidated
		Other			Variable
	CooTek	Company			Interest			Consolidated
	(Cayman) Inc.	Subsidiaries	WFOE		Entities		Eliminations	Total
Proceeds of services charges from inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	—	23,462,704		—		(23,462,704)	—
Payments of services charges to inter-companies⁽¹⁾	—	(23,462,704)	—		—		23,462,704	—
Net cash provided by (used in) transactions with third-parties	125,769	2,952,953	(9,617,795)		(9,125,206)		—	(15,664,279)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	125,769	(20,509,751)	13,844,909		(9,125,206)		—	(15,664,279)
Loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	(5,400,000)	—	(20,702,807)	⁽³⁾	—		26,102,807	—
Repayments of loans to subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	8,000,000	—	—		—		(8,000,000)	—
Other investing activities	—	(4,014,552)	(1,294,873)		(21,502)		—	(5,330,927)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	2,600,000	(4,014,552)	(21,997,680)		(21,502)		18,102,807	(5,330,927)
Net proceeds of loans from subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of VIEs and VIEs⁽²⁾	—	(2,600,000)	—		20,702,807	⁽³⁾	(18,102,807)	—
Other financing activities	(12,766,875)	3,080,404	5,484,683		405,304		—	(3,796,484)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(12,766,875)	480,404	5,484,683		21,108,111		(18,102,807)	(3,796,484)

Notes:

(1)	It represents the elimination of payments and proceeds for the inter-company service charges at the consolidation level.

(2)	It represents the elimination of loans among CooTek (Cayman) Inc., other company subsidiaries, primary beneficiaries of VIEs, and VIEs.

(3)	The numbers represent the cash payments from the WFOE to the VIEs.

A.[Reserved]

B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Table of Contents

D.Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. All the operational risks associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China as discussed in relevant risk factors under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business” also apply to operations in Hong Kong. With respect to the legal risks associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China as discussed in relevant risk factors under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China,” the laws, regulations and the discretion of mainland China governmental authorities discussed in this annual report are expected to apply to mainland China entities and businesses, rather than entities or businesses in Hong Kong which operate under a different set of laws from mainland China. These risks are discussed more fully under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business

●

If we fail to maintain or expand our active user base, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

●

We generate substantially all of our revenues from advertising. Our failure to attract or retain advertising customers, or a reduction in their spending with us, could seriously harm our business, operating results and growth prospects.

●

We depend on certain third-party advertising exchanges and agencies for a large portion of our mobile advertising revenues.

●

We rely on our business collaborations with third parties, including major digital distribution platforms and mobile device manufacturers, to maintain and expand our user base. Our failure to maintain good relationships with these business partners may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

●

We have been and may continue to be subject to notices or complaints alleging, among other things, our infringement of copyrights and delivery of illegal or inappropriate content through our products, which could lead to suspension or removal of such products from digital distribution platforms, a decrease of our user base, and a significantly adverse impact on our financial results and our reputation.

●

We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding cyber security and data protection in the PRC, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations or exposure to government interference actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

●

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws, regulations and governmental policies in China and other countries and regions where we have business. Many of these laws, regulations and governmental policies are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, or declines in our growth or engagement, financial performance, or otherwise harm our business.

●

We had incurred net loss, negative cash flows from operating activities and negative working capital in the past, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Table of Contents

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

●

We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs and we conduct operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. Holders of our ADSs hold equity interest in CooTek (Cayman) Inc., our Cayman Islands holding company, and do not have direct or indirect equity interests in the VIEs or the VIEs’ subsidiaries. If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these regulations or their interpretations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the VIEs. Our holding company, the VIEs and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a whole. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations, and our Class A ordinary shares or our ADSs may decline significantly in value or become worthless.

●

We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders for our operations in mainland China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.

●

Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

●

The shareholders of the VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

●

Recent regulatory developments in mainland China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirement, expose us to government interference, or otherwise restrict our ability to offer securities and raise capitals outside mainland China, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Recent regulatory developments in mainland China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirement, expose us to government interference, or otherwise restrict our ability to offer securities and raise capitals outside mainland China, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.”

●

Adverse changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth in China, which could materially and adversely affect our business. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Adverse changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth in China, which could materially and adversely affect our business.”

●

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Table of Contents

●

The approval of, or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The approval of, or filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

●

The PCAOB is currently unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections over our auditor deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB is currently unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections over our auditor deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections.”

●

Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, in 2024 if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China, or in 2023 if proposed changes to the law are enacted. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, in 2024 if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China, or in 2023 if proposed changes to the law are enacted. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Risks Related to Our ADSs

●

If we do not satisfy the NYSE requirements for continued listing, our ADS could be delisted from NYSE. We received two non-compliance notifications from NYSE related to our share price and market capitalization. With respect to the non-compliance related to our market capitalization, we submitted the business plan to NYSE to demonstrate our plan to cure the non-compliance, which has been accepted and will be quarterly reviewed and monitored by NYSE within the 18-month of receipt of the notification letter. With respect to the non-compliance related to our trading price, we plan to change the ratio of our ADSs to our Class A ordinary shares (the “ADS Ratio”) from the current ADS Ratio of one ADS to fifty (50) Class A ordinary shares to a new ADS Ratio of one ADS to six hundred and fifty (650) Class A ordinary shares. We anticipate that the change in the ADS Ratio will be effective on or about May 9, 2022, subject to the effectiveness of the post-effective amendment to the ADS Registration Statement on Form F-6 on or before that date.

●

The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

Risks Related to Our Business

If we fail to maintain or expand our active user base, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

The size of our active user base with our products are critical to our success. Our portfolio products had an average of 18.5 million DAUs in December 2021, which decreased from 27.8 million DAUs in December 2020. Our financial performance has been and will continue to be significantly affected by our ability to grow and engage our active user base. In addition, we may fail to maintain or increase our user base or our users’ engagement if, among other things:

●

we fail to innovate or develop new products and services that provide relevant content and satisfactory experience to, or are favorably received by, our users;

●

we fail to respond to or adopt evolving technologies for product development on a timely and cost-effective basis;

Table of Contents

●

we fail to successfully market and monetize our existing and new mobile applications throughout their life cycles;

●

we fail to develop products that are compatible with existing or new mobile devices, mobile operating systems or their respective upgrades;

●

we fail to maintain or improve our technology infrastructure and security measures designed to protect our users’ personal privacy and cyber security;

●

we lose users to competing products and services or due to concerns related to personal privacy and cyber security or other reasons;

●

we fail to successfully implement our strategies related to the continued expansion of our global user base; or

●

we are required by existing or new laws, regulations or government policies to implement changes to our products or services that are adverse to our business.

If we are unable to maintain or increase our user base, our advertising services may become less attractive to our advertising customers, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Mobile advertising services have been contributing substantially all of our revenues, accounting for 98.4%, 99.3% and 98.2% of our revenues in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Therefore, any failure to continue generating substantial revenue through our mobile advertising services could materially harm our business.

Advertisers purchase advertising services either directly from us or through third-party advertising exchanges and advertising agencies. Our advertising customers, including advertisers and advertising exchanges and agencies, typically do not have long-term contractual arrangements with us. They may be dissatisfied with our advertising services or perceive our advertising services as ineffective. Potential new customers may view our advertising services as unproven, and we may need to devote additional time and resources to convince them. In addition, new advertising formats emerge from time to time and customer preferences can change. We may not be able to adapt our products and services to future advertising formats or changing customer preferences on a timely and cost-effective basis, and any such adaption failure could materially and adversely affect our financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

We compete for advertising customers not only with other providers of digital advertising spaces, but also with other types of platforms and advertising service providers such as newspapers, magazines, billboards, television and radio stations. Some of our competitors have access to considerably greater financial and other resources for expanding their product offerings and present considerable challenges to gaining and maintaining additional market share.

If we fail to deliver advertising services in an effective manner, or if our advertising customers believe that placing advertisements through our products and services does not generate a competitive return when compared to placing advertisements through our competitors’ products, they may not continue to do business with us or they may only be willing to advertise with us at reduced prices. If our existing advertising customers reduce or discontinue their advertising spending with us, or if we fail to attract new advertising customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Table of Contents

We depend on certain third-party advertising exchanges and agencies for a large portion of our mobile advertising revenues.

We generate a large portion of our mobile advertising revenues from a limited number of third-party advertising exchanges and advertising agencies in 2021. Our top two advertising customers, which are advertising exchanges, accounted for approximately 53.22% of our total revenues in 2021. Our dependence on a limited number of advertising exchange customers increases their bargaining power and the need for us to maintain good relationships with them. The major advertising customers we work with typically offer standard terms and conditions that govern their contractual relationships with us. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, we entered into distribution cooperation agreements with Chuan Shan Jia, a leading advertising exchange platform in China who is also our top advertising customer for the cooperation in placing advertisements on our mobile apps for the respective immediately following year. If any of these advertising customers we work with ceases to do business with us for any reason or alters its standard terms and conditions to our disadvantage, or if we fail to collect any significant amount of account receivables from these advertising customers timely, or at all, our business, financial conditions and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We collaborate with various business partners to promote our products and enlarge our user base. We use third-party digital distribution platforms such as Apple App Store, Tencent YingYongBao App Store and Google Play to distribute our mobile applications to users. We also advertise on third-party platforms, such as Douyin and Kuaishou, to acquire users. The promotion and distribution of our mobile applications are subject to such digital distribution platforms’ standard terms and policies for application developers, which are subject to the interpretation of, and frequent changes by, these platforms. In addition, our applications may be suspended by or removed from such platforms as a result of allegations or claims by third parties regardless of their merits. For instance, in July 2019, some of our global apps were disabled by Google from Google Play Store and Google Admob, and our access to Google Play Store and Google Admob was disabled too. See “—We have been and may continue to be subject to notices or complaints alleging, among other things, our infringement of copyrights and delivery of illegal or inappropriate content through our products, which could lead to suspension or removal of such products from digital distribution platforms, a decrease of our user base, and a significantly adverse impact on our financial results and our reputation.”

If we are unable to maintain good relationships with our business partners or the business of our business partners declines, the reach of our products and services may be adversely affected and our ability to maintain and expand our user base may decrease. Most of the agreements with our business partners, including mobile device manufacturers and digital distribution platforms, do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. If our partner distribution platforms change their standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to our business, or if our business partners decide not to continue working with us or choose to devote more resources to supporting our competitors or their own competing products, we may not be able to find a substitute on commercially favorable terms, or at all, and our competitive advantages may be diminished.

We use third-party digital distribution platforms such as Apple App Store, Tencent YingYongBao App Store and Google Play to distribute our mobile applications to users. In the ordinary course of our business, we and digital distribution platforms have received, and may from time to time in the future receive, notices or complaints from third parties alleging that certain of our products infringe copyrights, deliver illegal, fraudulent, pornographic, violent, bullying or other inappropriate content, or otherwise fail to comply with applicable policies, rules and regulations. Upon receipt of such notices or complaints, those digital distribution platforms may suspend or remove such products from such platforms. The processes for appealing such suspensions and removals with those platforms could be time-consuming, and we cannot guarantee that our appeals will always prevail or that any such suspended or removed application will be made available again. Such suspensions and removals of our products could lead to a decrease of our user base and, if they occur frequently and/or in a large scale, could significantly adversely affect our reputation, business operation and financial performance.

Table of Contents

For instance, in July 2019, some of our global apps were disabled by Google from the Google Play Store and Google Admob. These disabled apps were discontinued but users can still use the relevant apps already downloaded. The suspensions and removals of our global apps could lead to the difficulty in growing or sustaining our user base and could significantly adversely affect our reputation, business operation and financial performance in a certain period. Primarily as a result of the suspension, the DAUs of our portfolio products decreased from 27.6 million in June 2019 to 23.9 million in September 2019, and our net revenues decreased from US$37.6 million in the second quarter of 2019 to US$31.3 million in the third quarter of 2019. In addition, our access and developer account to Google Play Store and Google Admob was disabled in the same period. Consequently, we cannot use Google push notification to reach and activate our users, and the DAU/MAU ratio of our portfolio products decreased from 42.4% in June 2019 to 35.4% in September 2019, and further to 33.1% in December 2019. In addition, these digital distribution platforms and third-party platforms may also receive, from time to time, notices or complaints from third parties alleging that certain of our products infringe copyrights, deliver illegal, fraudulent, pornographic, violent, bullying or other inappropriate content, or otherwise fail to comply with applicable policies, rules and regulations, consequently those digital distribution platforms may suspend or remove such products from their platforms and those third-party platforms may terminate their collaboration with us.

We have international operations and plan to continue expanding our operations globally. We may face challenges and risks presented by our growing global operations, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business and operating results.

We are headquartered in mainland China and provide our products and services to a global user base. We intend to continue the international expansion of our business operations and grow our user base globally. In December 2021, the user base of our portfolio products reached an average of 18.5 million DAUs and our users of TouchPal Smart Input reached an average of 92.9 million DAUs. The headquarters of our major advertising customers are located in China and the United States and therefore substantially all of our mobile advertising revenues in 2020 and 2021 were derived from China and the United States.

We believe the sustainable growth of our business depends on our ability to increase the penetration of our products in both developed and emerging markets. Our continued international operations and global expansion may expose us to a number of challenges and risks, including:

●

challenges in developing successful products and localized adaptions, and implementing effective marketing strategies that respectively target mobile internet users and advertising customers from various countries and with a diverse range of preferences and demands;

●

difficulties in managing and overseeing global operations and in affording increased costs associated with doing business in multiple international locations;

●

local competitions;

●

difficulties in integrating and managing potential foreign acquisitions or investments;

●

compliance with applicable laws and regulations in various countries worldwide, including, but not limited to, internet content requirements, cyber security and data privacy requirements, intellectual property protection rules, exchange controls, and cash repatriation restrictions;

●

fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

●

political, social or economic instability in markets or regions in which we operate; and

●

compliance with statutory equity requirements and management of tax consequences.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by these challenges and risks associated with our global operations.

Table of Contents

Our product development and monetization strategies are highly dependent on our technology capabilities and infrastructure. If the amount of user data generated on our products declines, or if we fail to enhance or upgrade our technologies at a competitive pace, the effectiveness of our business model may be harmed and our operating results may be materially and severely affected.

We depend on our technological capabilities and infrastructure to analyze our users’ preferences and needs and to generate valuable user insights. Active users of our products generate a large amount of data across our applications and in a variety of use cases on a daily basis. The data generated by our users lays the foundation for us to build our user profiles. By analyzing such user data with our big data analytics and other relevant technologies, we aim to understand our users’ interests and needs for content in order to develop products that deliver relevant content catering to their interests and needs. Therefore, the effectiveness of our product development and monetization strategies is dependent on our ability to obtain and process data and to refine the algorithms used in processing such data. If we fail to maintain and expand the user base of our products to continually generate large amounts of user data, or if we fail to keep up with the rapid development and upgrade of big data analytics and other relevant technologies on a timely and cost-effective basis, we may not be able to effectively grow and monetize our products, and our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to sustain our historical growth and maintain the effectiveness of our monetization.

Over the past three years, we have experienced changing DAUs and MAUs of our portfolio products. At the same time, our net revenues fluctuated from US$177.9 million in 2019 to US$441.5 million in 2020, and further to US$272.1 million in 2021. Our mobile advertising revenue increased from US$175.0 million in 2019 to US$438.4 million in 2020, and further decreased to US$267.3 million in 2021. We may not be able to sustain a rate of growth in future periods.

In addition, growing our revenue in the future depends on successfully building our portfolio products. We monetize our user base primarily through mobile advertising, which contributed substantially all of our revenues in 2019, 2020 and 2021. Most of the mobile advertising revenues were generated from our portfolio products in 2021 attributable to the rapid growth of our portfolio products, in particular our online literature products and mobile games. We launched our in-house developed advertising platform, CooTek Ads, to provide high-quality and tailored advertising services in 2019, and the revenue derived from CooTek Ads accounted for approximately 8%, 45% and 13% of our total revenue in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. If we are unable to build new products which are attractive to users, our ability to effectively monetize our advertising services and grow our revenues may be materially impacted.

We have been diversifying our monetization with our online literature products. In 2021, we started the IP operations based on original content on Fengdu Novel, including licensing e-books, cooperating with audio book publishers to produce audio books of original literature on Fengdu Novel, and short drama production.

Table of Contents

However, we cannot assure you that we can successfully implement the existing commercialization strategies to sustainably generate growing revenues, or that we will be able to develop new commercialization strategies to grow our revenues. If our strategic initiatives do not enhance our ability to monetize or enable us to develop new commercialization approaches, we may not be able to maintain or increase our revenues or recover any associated costs. In addition, we may introduce new products and services to expand our revenue streams, including products and services with which we have little or no prior development or operating experience. If these new or enhanced products or services fail to engage users, content creators or business partners, we may fail to diversify our revenue streams or generate sufficient revenues to justify our investments and costs, and our business and operating results may suffer as a result.

If we fail to correctly anticipate user preferences and develop and commercialize new products and services, we may fail to attract or retain existing users, the lifecycles of our mobile applications may end prematurely and our operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to maintain, grow and monetize our user base, which in turn depends on our ability to continually develop and commercialize new mobile applications, introduce new features or functions to our existing mobile applications and provide users with high-quality content and an enjoyable user experience. This is particularly important since the mobile internet industry is characterized by fast and frequent changes, including rapid technological evolution, shifting user demands, frequent introductions of new products and services, and constantly evolving industry standards, operating systems and practices. We launched our first mobile application, TouchPal Smart Input, in 2008, and have launched over 170 portfolio products as of December 31, 2021. In December 2021, the user base of our portfolio products reached an average of 18.5 million DAUs, and we intend to expand the scale of our core product, Fengdu Novel, and continue developing new products and services to enlarge our active user base. Our ability to roll out new or enhanced products and services depends on a number of factors, including our timely and successful research and development efforts as well as correctly analyzing and predicting users’ interests and demands for content using our big data analytical capabilities. If we fail to correctly analyze and predict users’ interests and demands for content, fail to cater to the anticipated needs and preferences of users, or fail to provide a superior user experience, our existing and new mobile applications may suffer from reduced user traffic or be unsuccessful in the market and our user base may decrease, which in turn may impact our ability to earn advertising revenue. There can be no assurance that our new products and services will generate revenues or profits and we may not be able to recoup the investments and expenditures involved in such development. Our quarterly results may also experience significant fluctuations as we continue to invest in the development of new products and services.

In addition, as a result of rapidly evolving user preferences, our existing mobile applications may reach the end of their lifecycles prematurely. There can be no assurance that we will be able to correctly predict the lifecycles of our new mobile applications, our estimates regarding the lifecycles of our existing mobile applications may turn out to be incorrect, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We had incurred net loss, negative cash flows from operating activities and negative working capital in the past, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

You should not rely on our revenues or gross profit from any previous period as an indication of our future revenues. Our revenues might decline, or the growth rate of our revenues may slow down for a number of reasons, including declined demand for our products and services, increasing competition, emergence of alternative business models, changes in regulations and government policies, changes in general economic conditions, COVID-19 as well as other risks described in this prospectus supplement.

Table of Contents

In 2019, 2020 and 2021, we had a net loss of US$36.8 million, US$47.4 million and US$13.9 million, respectively. We had negative cash flows from operations of US$15.7 million, US$0.9 million and US$51.0 million in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Although we had positive working capital, being the result of current assets minus current liabilities, of US$33.3 million as of December 31, 2019, we recorded negative working capital of US$42.1 million as of December 31, 2020, and negative working capital of US$11.2 million as of December 31, 2021. We received two non-compliance notifications from NYSE, and if we do not satisfy the NYSE requirements for continued listing, our ADS could be delisted from NYSE. Delisting from NYSE may trigger our obligation to make cash redemption of our convertible notes whose outstanding amount in aggregate was US$11.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and immediate and accelerated repayment of bank borrowing of US$1.6 million outstanding as of December 31, 2021. For a detailed description of the non-compliance notifications from NYSE and the underlying risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—If we do not satisfy the NYSE requirements for continued listing, our ADS could be delisted from NYSE.” Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to successfully execute our business plan including the implementation of a balanced growth strategy and an effective financial management which can contribute to the optimization of the operating cost and expense structure.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profit or positive cash flows from operating activities in the future. Our future revenue growth and profitability will depend on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include market acceptance of our products, effectiveness of our monetization strategy, our ability to control cost and expenses and to manage our growth effectively, market competition, macroeconomic and regulatory environment. We also expect to continue to make investments in research and development, which will place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. Continuous expansion may increase the complexity of our business, and we may encounter various difficulties. We may fail to develop and improve our operational, financial and managerial controls, enhance our financial reporting systems and procedures, recruit, train and retain skilled professional personnel, or maintain customer satisfaction to effectively support and manage our growth. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our operations but fail to manage the growth of our business and capitalize on our growth opportunities effectively, we may not be able to achieve profitability, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in this annual report beginning on page F-1 have been prepared based on the assumption that we will continue on a going concern basis. The auditors of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 have included in their audit reports an explanatory paragraph relating to substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

If we fail to control our content-related costs, lack popular literacy content that can be monetized, fail to acquire various forms of copyrights of such literacy content for monetization, or fail to attract and retain signed authors or maintain the business relationships with the key authors and third party content providers, our online literature products and their profitability will be materially and adversely affected.

Popular and quality content is the core driver and foundation of our online literature products, especially Fengdu Novel. The content costs have been increasing along with our efforts to enrich content and enlarge the scale of Fengdu Novel by signing more authors and increasing and deepening cooperation with more third party content providers. In 2020 and 2021, content costs constituted 31.8% and 42.9% of our total cost of revenues, respectively. We generally license the copyright of the content published on our platform on an exclusive basis with our signed authors, either at fixed prices or pursuant to revenue-sharing arrangements, under which the authors will receive royalties based on sales and other forms of monetization of their works. We also license the copyright of the content published on our platform generally on a non-exclusive basis with other publishers or content providers. As the market further develops, the expectation of copyright owners for compensation may continue to rise, as such, they may demand higher licensing fees, and our content costs may further increase as we expand our content library.

Table of Contents

Moreover, we rely primarily on our signed authors to create original literature works. We may not be able to continue attracting and retaining signed authors by offering more competitive and favorable terms than our competitors in online literature sector or higher licensing fees that our signed authors may request. In addition, even if our signed authors agree to create content exclusively for us for a certain period of time, we cannot control their productivity or the quality of their works produced within such term. Furthermore, any disputes or legal proceedings with our signed authors, especially the best-selling signed authors that create popular or high-quality literature works, may disrupt our business relationships with them. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will retain sufficient online literature works with monetization value or control a broad range of copyrights for high quality literature works. If we fail to provide popular or quality literature on Fengdu Novel, we may fail to attract and retain active users and the monetization potential of this product could be materially and adversely affected. If we lack popular literature content that can be monetized or fail to acquire a broad range of copyrights of literature works for monetization, our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

We may be out of compliance with certain covenants in our credit facility agreements before maturity, which could impose operating and financial restrictions on us.

We have entered into credit facility agreements with commercial banks in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The total outstanding balance of our short-term bank borrowings as of December 31, 2021 was US$9.1 million. For a detailed description, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” These agreements contain certain financial covenants over our maximum quarterly net loss, maximum monthly debt ratio, minimum net income, minimum operating cash inflow for our subsidiary, and operating data covenants which require us to maintain minimum annual active user. As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance of such covenants. If we fail to meet such covenants, we may be required to negotiate a waiver. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such waiver in a timely manner, on acceptable terms or at all. If we were not able to obtain such waiver under the credit facility, we would be in default of such agreement, and the relevant counterparty could elect to declare the loan, together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees, if any, immediately due and payable and proceed against any collateral securing such loan. If the loan under the credit facility agreement that we entered into was to be accelerated, even though we believe that our assets would be sufficient to repay our loans in full, our business and liquidity could nevertheless be subject to adverse effects. In addition, such waiver, even if granted, may lead to increased costs, increased interest rates, additional restrictive covenants and other available counterparty protections that would be applicable to us under these credit facilities, including the granting of additional security our interests in collateral, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to acquire additional capital resources.

Our ability to comply with financial or other restrictive covenants under our credit facility agreements may be affected by factors beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions, and our ability to issue additional equity. We had been and may again fall out of compliance with such or other covenants in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may require additional financing in the future to meet our business requirements. Such capital raising may be costly, difficult or not possible to obtain and, if obtained, could significantly dilute current stockholders’ equity interests or increase our debt service obligations.

We may continue to experience a material decrease in our cash and cash equivalents balance. We may require additional cash resources to fund our working capital and expenditure needs, such as content investment, sales and marketing expenses, product development expenses and investment or acquisition transactions. Although we may attempt to raise funds by issuing debt or equity instruments, additional financing may not be available to us on terms acceptable us or at all or such resources may not be received in a timely manner. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or to discontinue certain operations, scale back or discontinue the development of new business lines, reduce headcount, sell assets, file for bankruptcy, reorganize, merge with another entity or cease operations.

Table of Contents

Our advertising services may display advertisements when our products are in use, or insert promoted marketing messages into users’ feeds, which may negatively affect user experience and may lead to a decline in user engagement and, in turn, a reduction in revenues generated from our advertising services.

We primarily generate revenues by distributing advertisements to targeted audience through our products. Advertisements are displayed in various formats when users launch or exit our products, in our theme stores or in-app stores, and in customized news feeds, among others. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Monetization.” It is important for us to balance the frequency, prominence, size and content of advertisements that we display against ensuring a favorable user experience of our products. If our users find the advertisements displayed irrelevant, disturbing or negatively affecting their user experience of our products, they may become less engaged or stop using our products altogether. Furthermore, if advertisements contain controversial, false or misleading content, or the marketing messages we display or the products or services we advertise result in negative emotions or associations in our users, the user experience of our products could be diminished, our financial results could suffer and our reputation could be damaged. If we are unable to deliver advertisements in a way that is acceptable or favorable to our users, our users may not maintain the current level of engagement, and our advertising customers may perceive our advertising services as ineffective in generating a competitive return for them. As a result, our revenues may decline and our business, financial conditions and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to PRC laws relating to the collection, use, sharing, retention, security, and transfer of confidential and private information, such as personal information and other data. The cyber security legal regime in mainland China is relatively new and evolving rapidly, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainties. As a result, it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations in certain circumstances.

Under the current PRC cyber security laws, personal information and important data collected and generated by a “critical information infrastructure operator” in the course of its operations in mainland China must be stored in mainland China, and if a “critical information infrastructure operator” purchases internet products and services that affects or may affect national security, it should be subject to cyber security review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or CAC. As advised by our PRC counsel, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws. The current PRC cyber security laws have established more stringent requirements applicable to operators of computer networks, especially to operators of networks which involve critical information infrastructure. The current PRC cyber security laws also contain an overarching framework for regulating Internet security, protection of private and sensitive information, and safeguards for national cyberspace security and provisions for the continued government regulation of the Internet and content available in mainland China. Because of their exceptional breadth in scope, ambiguous requirements and broadly defined terminology, there is substantial uncertainty as to the potential impact of such laws on our operations in mainland China, particularly in relation to the safeguarding of user information.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC published the Measures for Cyber Security Review, effective on February 15, 2022, which provides that critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services, and internet platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must apply with the Cyber Security Review Office for a cyber security review. However, the scope of operators of “critical information infrastructure” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear and is subject to the decisions of competent PRC regulatory authorities. The Measures for Cyber Security Review also required internet platform operators processing over one million users’ personal information, if seeking for listing abroad, to apply for a cyber security review with the Cyber Security Review Office. We cannot guarantee you that we will not be subject to cyber security review for our future capital raising activities, or that new rules or regulations promulgated in the future, if any, will not impose additional compliance requirements on us.

Table of Contents

On November 14, 2021, the CAC published a discussion draft of the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security, or the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cyber security review: (i) merger, reorganization or division of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; or (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. There have been no clarifications from the authorities as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F as to the standards for determining such activities that “affects or may affect national security.” The CAC has solicited comments on this draft until December 13, 2021, but there is no timetable as to when it will be enacted. As such, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, final content, interpretation and implementation, including the standards for determining whether a listing in Hong Kong “affects or may affect national security.” The Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact our capital raising activities. Any failure to obtain such approval or clearance from the regulatory authorities could materially constrain our liquidity and have a material adverse impact on our business operations and financial results, especially if we need additional capital or financing.

We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to PRC regulatory inspection and/or review relating to cyber security, especially when there remains significant uncertainty as to the scope and manner of the regulatory enforcement and/or the possible government interference that we may be exposed to. If we become subject to cyber security inspection and/or review by CAC or other PRC authorities or are required by them to take any specific actions, it could cause suspension or termination of the future offering of our securities, disrupt our operations, result in negative publicity regarding our company, and divert our managerial and financial resources. We may also be subject to fines or other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, as the legal and regulatory framework for the protection of information in cyberspace in the PRC continues to evolve, we may be required to adjust our business practices or incur additional operating expenses, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Personal Privacy and Data Protection.”

Data privacy concerns relating to our products and current practices may, particularly in light of increased regulatory scrutiny of and user expectations regarding the processing, collection, use, storage, dissemination, transfer and disposal of user data, require changes to our business practices and may result in declines in user growth or engagement, increased costs of operations and threats of lawsuits, enforcement actions and related liabilities, including financial penalties.

Recently, companies’ practices regarding collection, use, retention, transfer, disclosure and security of user data have been, and continue to be, the subject of enhanced regulations and increased public scrutiny. The regulatory frameworks regarding privacy issues in many jurisdictions are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant changes from time to time, and therefore we may not be able to comprehensively assess the scope and extent of our compliance responsibility at a global level. Moreover, certain of our users, particularly those in the United States and Europe, may have strong expectations for the level of privacy afforded to their personal data and the content of their communications. Further, the developing requirements around clear and prominent privacy notices (including in the context of obtaining informed and specific consent to the collection and processing of personal data, if applicable) can potentially deter users from consenting to certain uses of their personal information. In general, negative publicity of us or our industry regarding actual or perceived violations of our users’ privacy-related rights may also impair users’ trust in our privacy practices and make them reluctant to give their consent to share their data with us.

Table of Contents

Many jurisdictions, including U.S., continue to consider the need for greater regulation or reform to the existing regulatory framework. In the U.S., all 50 states have now passed laws to regulate the actions that a business must take in the event of a data breach, such as prompt disclosure and notification to affected users and regulatory authorities. In addition to the data breach notification laws, some states have also enacted statutes and rules requiring businesses to reasonably protect certain types of personal information they hold or to otherwise comply with certain specified cyber security requirements for personal information. Additionally, the U.S. federal and state governments will likely continue to consider the need for greater regulation aimed at restricting certain uses of personal data for targeted advertising. California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which creates new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and provides such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

In the European Union, or EU, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which came into effect on May 25, 2018, increased our burden of regulatory compliance and requires us to change certain of our privacy and cyber security practices in order to achieve compliance. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EU as well as any company outside the EU that processes personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to individuals in the EU or the monitoring of their behavior. The GDPR implements more stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, requiring expanded disclosures about how personal information is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements, and higher standards for data controllers to demonstrate that they have obtained either valid consent or have another legal basis in place to justify their data processing activities. The GDPR further provides that EU member states may make their own additional laws and regulations in relation to certain data processing activities, which could further limit our ability to use and share personal data and could require localized changes to our operating model. Under the GDPR, fines of up to 20 million euros or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, may be assessed for noncompliance, which significantly increases our potential financial exposure for non-compliance. However, with limited precedence on the interpretation and application of GDPR and limited guidance from EU regulators, the application of GDPR to the provision of internet services remains unsettled. The Company has adopted policies and procedures in compliance with the GDPR, however, such policies and procedures may need to be updated when additional information concerning the best practices is made available through guidance from regulators or published enforcement decisions.

Outside of the United States and the EU, many jurisdictions have adopted or are adopting new data privacy and data protection laws that may impose further onerous compliance requirements, such as data localization, which prohibits companies from storing data relating to resident individuals in data centers outside the jurisdiction. The proliferation of such laws within jurisdictions and countries in which we operate may result in conflicting and contradictory requirements.

Table of Contents

In order for us to maintain or become compliant with applicable laws as they come into effect, it may require substantial expenditures on resources to continually evaluate our policies and processes and adapt to new requirements that are or become applicable to us. Complying with any additional or new regulatory requirements on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis would impose significant burdens and costs on our operations or may require us to alter our business practices. While we strive to protect our users’ privacy and cyber security and to comply with material data protection laws and regulations applicable to us, it is possible that our practices are, and will continue to be, inconsistent with certain regulatory requirements. Our international business expansion could be adversely affected if these laws and regulations are interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices or that requires changes to these practices. In particular, the large amount of user data generated on and collected from our products has been, and will continue to be, critical for our business model, including to enable us to understand our users’ interests and demands for content, improve their user experience with our products and services and deliver targeted advertising. Therefore, if these laws and regulations materially limit our ability to collect and use our users’ data, our ability to continue our current operations without modification, develop new services or features of the products and expand our user base will be impaired. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable data privacy laws and regulations, including in relation to the collection of necessary end-user consents and providing end-users with sufficient information with respect to our use of their personal data may result in fines and penalties imposed by regulators, governmental enforcement actions (including enforcement orders requiring us to cease collecting or processing data in a certain way), litigation and/or adverse publicity. Proceedings against us, regulatory, civil or otherwise, could force us to spend money and devote resources in the defense or settlement of, and remediation related to, such proceedings. Furthermore, any of the foregoing consequences could damage our reputation and discourage current and potential users from using our mobile applications. In addition, as users’ expectations and regulatory attitudes with respect to personal privacy and cyber security continue to evolve, future regulations on the extent to which personal information and user-generated data can be used by us or shared with third parties may adversely affect our ability to leverage and derive economic value from the data that our users generate and share with us, which may limit our ability to carry out targeted advertising and thereby result in a decline in the mobile advertising revenues upon which our revenues are dependent.

If we fail to obtain or maintain the requisite licenses and approvals, or otherwise fail to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to our business operations in and outside China, or if we are required to apply for new licenses and approvals which are time-consuming or costly to obtain, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. We primarily conduct our business through our subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China, Hong Kong and the U.S. However, because our products and services are used worldwide, one or more other jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws based on the location of our offices and staff, commercial operations, equipment or our users.

The internet industry, including the mobile internet industry, is highly regulated in mainland China. The VIEs are required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses and approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to provide their current services to our users. In addition to PRC laws and regulations, we face additional regulatory risks and costs outside of mainland China as a portion of our active users and revenues are from markets outside of mainland China. We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in mainland China and other jurisdictions that involve matters central to our business, including, but not limited to, privacy and data protection, rights of publicity, content, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, cyber security, data retention and deletion, national security, electronic contracts and other communications, competition, consumer protection, telecommunications, taxation, and economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions. The introduction of new products, services or expansion of our business in certain jurisdictions may subject us to additional laws and regulations. Furthermore, PRC and foreign laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change from time to time. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving mobile internet industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. There can be no assurance that we will not be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or violation of any of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ implementation or interpretation of such laws and regulations.

Table of Contents

Under the current PRC regulatory scheme, a number of regulatory agencies, including, but not limited to, the State Administration of Radio and Television (previously known as the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or the SAPPRFT), or the SART, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the National Administration of Press and Publication, or the NAPP, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (previously known as the Ministry of Culture, or the MOC), or the MCT, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, the State Council Information Office, or the SCIO, and the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, jointly regulate all major aspects of the internet industry, including mobile internet businesses. Operators in this industry must obtain various government approvals and licenses for relevant internet or mobile business.

If we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals, make any necessary filings, or otherwise fail to comply with the applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of revenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet or mobile activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations. Any such penalties may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

The operations of our online literature mobile apps and game mobile apps may require us to apply for additional license and permits or to update our existing licenses and permits. Under regulations issued by the SAPPRFT, the publication of each online game requires approval from the SAPPRFT. As of the date of this annual report, we have not obtained approvals from the SAPPRFT or its successor for those domestic online games operated by us. After the re-organization of SAPPRFT, we will apply with the NAPP for the approvals for publishing our games in the future. The NAPP at the national level had suspended the approval of game registration and issuance of publication codes for online games starting from March 2018. Although the NAPP later resumed game registration and issued game publication codes for the first batch of games with an effective date of December 19, 2018, the issuance of publication is still difficult to be obtained. Any delay in game registration with NAPP or obtaining game publication codes could negatively affect the operation results of our games. Pursuant to the Notice to Adjust the Scope of Online Culture Operation Permit Approval and to Further Regulate the Approval Work released in May 2019, the MCT no longer assumes the responsibility to regulate online game industry, and the provincial counterparts of MCT would no longer grant Online Culture Operation Permit covering the business scope of using the information network to operate online games. However, the licenses granted by the MCT before this notice will remain valid until the expiration dates of these licenses. On July 23, 2019, the MCT announced the abolishment of the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games, which regulated the issuance of Online Culture Operation Permits relating to online games. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games.” As of the date of this annual report, the governmental authorities have not issued laws or regulations to replace the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games, or to clarify the new regulatory body of online games. We cannot be sure if or when any future regulations or restrictive rules in this regard will be promulgated and whether they would negatively impact our operations, including by increasing our compliance costs and negatively impacting our ability to launch and operate new games. If we are unable to obtain online culture operating license, internet publication service license and publication codes, our ability to introduce, launch, operate and promote new games or games may be adversely affected, and our financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the NAPP’s approvals or complete the filings with the MCT for all games operated by us in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely and materially impact our ability to introduce new games, the timetable to launch new games and our business growth.

Moreover, the provisions of online games and online literature are deemed to be internet publication activities. According to the Administrative Measures for Internet Publication Services jointly issued by the SAPPRFT and the MIIT in 2016, we may be required to obtain an internet publication service license for the provisions of online games and online literature. According to the Notice on Administration of Mobile Game Publishing Services issued by the SAPPRFT in 2016, we may be required to obtain publishing and authorization codes for the online games. As of the date of this annual report, we have not obtained the approval for our internet publication service license and publication codes for those domestic online games operated by us In the event of failure to obtain these licenses and approvals, an operator may face heavy penalties, such as being ordered by the regulatory authority to shut down services and delete all relevant internet publications. The regulatory authority may also confiscate all of such operator’s illegal income as well as major equipment and specialized tools used in illegal publishing activities. If the illegal income exceeds RMB10,000, such operator may face a fine of five to ten times of such illegal income; and if the illegal income is less than RMB10,000, such operator may face a fine of less than RMB50,000. Such operator may also bear civil liability if its operation has infringed on other persons’ legal rights and interests. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Internet Publication Services.”

Table of Contents

Furthermore, on May 26, 2016, the National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication issued the Notice on Management of Mobile Game Publishing Services, which provides that mobile games without approval shall not be published and operated online. In August 2018, the National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the MCT, the SART and the CAC jointly issued the Notice on Strengthen the Management of Live Streaming Service, which required a real-name registration system for users to be put in place by live streaming service providers. On October 25, 2019, the NAPP issued the Notice on Preventing Minor’s Addiction to Online Games, which requires all online gamers to register accounts with their valid identity information and all game companies to stop providing game services to users who fail to do so. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Anti-fatigue System, Real-name Registration System and Parental Guardianship Project.” We plan to implement several measures to comply with the current real-name registration system. However, the PRC government may further tighten the real-name registration requirements or require us to implement a more thorough compulsory real-name registration system for all users on our platform in the future, in which case we will need to upgrade our system or purchase relevant services from third-party service providers and incur additional costs in relation thereto. If we were required to implement a more rigid real-name registration system for users on our platform, potential users may be deterred from registering with our platform, which may in turn negatively affect the growth of our user base and business prospects.

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that involve matters important to or may otherwise impact our business. The introduction of new products and services, expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions, or other actions that we may take may subject us to additional laws, regulations, or other government scrutiny. In addition, foreign laws and regulations can impose different obligations or be more restrictive than those in the PRC.

These laws and regulations are continuously evolving and can be subject to significant change. New laws, regulations and governmental policies may be adopted from time to time by the PRC government to address new issues that come to the authorities’ attention, which may require us to obtain new license and permits, or take certain actions that may adversely affect the industry that we operate in and our business operations. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business.

For example, the PRC government has taken steps to limit online game playing time for all minors and to otherwise control the content and operation of online games. On August 30, 2021, National Press and Publication Administration released Notice on Further Strict Management and Practically Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games, which imposed restrictions over the provision of online gaming services to minors, aiming at curbing excessive indulgence in online game and protecting minors’ mental and physical health. Although the provision of our games is not specifically targeting at minors, further restrictions on the operation of online games could negatively affect our business operations and financial performance.

As the industry that we operate in is still evolving in China, new laws, regulations and governmental policies may be adopted from time to time to require additional licenses and permits other than those we currently have, and to address new issues that arise from time to time. We may not timely obtain or maintain all the required licenses or approvals or make all the necessary filings in the future.

If we fail to timely address all the change in policy or to obtain and maintain approvals, licenses or permits required for our business, or to comply with relevant laws and regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, fines, penalties and operational disruptions, or we could be required to modify our business model, which could materially and adversely affect our growth and financial performance, including but not limited to our profitability, the trading price of our listed securities and our valuation. See also “—Risks Relating to Our Business—If we fail to obtain or maintain the requisite licenses and approvals, or otherwise fail to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to our business operations in and outside China, or if we are required to apply for new licenses and approvals which are time-consuming or costly to obtain, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.”

Table of Contents

If we fail to prevent security breaches, cyber-attacks or other unauthorized access to our systems or our users’ data, we may be exposed to significant consequences, including legal and financial exposure and loss of users, and our reputation, business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We collect, store, transmit and process a large volume of personal and other sensitive data generated by our users through their interactions with our products. Although we have taken various security measures and adopted robust internal policies to protect our users’ personal privacy and cyber security, we may nevertheless be exposed to risks of security breaches or unauthorized access to or cyber-attacks on our systems or the data we store. Given the size of our user base, and the types and volume of personal data on our systems, we believe that we may be a particularly attractive target for security breaches and cyber-attacks. Our efforts to protect our data may be unsuccessful due to software “bugs,” system errors or other technical deficiencies, mistakes or malfeasance of our employees or contractors, vulnerabilities of our vendors and service providers, or other cyber security-related vulnerabilities. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches, cyber-attacks or other unauthorized access to our systems or disclosure of our users’ data, including personal information, could result in loss or misuse of such data, interruptions to the services we provide, diminished user experience, loss of user confidence and trust in our products, impairment of our network and technological infrastructure, and harm to our reputation and business, significant legal and financial exposure and potential lawsuits brought by private individuals or regulators. We have invested and will continue to devote resources to maintain strong security protections that shield our systems and our users’ data against bugs, theft, misuse or security vulnerabilities or breaches. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to prevent and detect security breaches and protect our users’ data, we cannot guarantee that such measures will be sufficient defenses against the evolving techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade services or sabotage systems. In addition, as our data centers and servers are dispersed around the world, we may incur significant costs in protecting them against, or remediating, security breaches and cyber-attacks.

Our products and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains undetected errors or vulnerabilities, our business could be adversely affected.

Our products and internal systems rely on numerous proprietary and licensed software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our products and internal systems depend on the ability of certain software to encrypt, store, retrieve, process, and manage large amounts of data. The software on which we rely now or in the future may contain undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities that may not be discovered until after the relevant source code is released and examined. Errors, vulnerabilities, or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for users of our products, delay product introductions or enhancements, compromise our ability to protect the data of our users and/or our intellectual property or lead to reductions in our ability to provide some or all of our services. In addition, any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or defects discovered in the software on which we rely, and any associated degradations or interruptions of service, could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue, or liability for damages, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

The industry in which our business operates is highly competitive. If we fail to compete effectively, our business will suffer.

We face intense competition in every aspect of our business, including competition for users, usage time, advertising customers, technology, and highly skilled employees. Our portfolio products compete with applications of the same or a similar kind. Our Fengdu Novel competes with other leading free online literature applications in the Chinese market including Fanqie Novel and Qimao Novel. Our mobile game products such as Farm Hero, Idle Land King Tycoon, Hi Hamster, Puzzle No.1, Fantastic LeDou and Idiom Hero compete primarily with other online mobile games developed by companies such as WebEye and Laiwan. In addition, we compete with all major internet companies for user attention and advertising spend.

Table of Contents

We compete with other developers of mobile applications for users, usage time and advertising customers on the basis of quality, features, availability and ease of use of products and services, and the number and quality of advertising distribution channels. We also compete with other developers for talented employees with technological expertise that is crucial for the sustained development of successful products and services. Our competitors may operate with more efficient business models and cost structures. They may prove more adaptable to new technological and other market developments than we are. Many of our competitors are larger and more established companies and may have significantly more financial, technological, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sales and support of their products and services. They may allow our competitors to respond to new or emerging technologies and changes in market requirements better than we can. Our competitors may also develop products, features, or services that are similar to ours or that achieve greater market acceptance. These products, features, and services may undertake more far-reaching and successful product development efforts or marketing campaigns. As a result, our competitors may acquire and engage users at the expense of our user growth or engagement, which may seriously harm our business. If we cannot effectively compete, our user engagement may decrease, which could make us less attractive to users, advertisers and seriously harm our business and have a material and adverse impact on our business, operating results and growth potential.

Our mobile applications are mainly designed for Android operating systems. A decrease in the popularity of Android operating systems may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our business is dependent on the compatibility of our products with popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, including Android and iOS operating systems. Most of our mobile applications are designed to operate on the Android operating system. Any significant decline in the overall popularity of the Android ecosystem or Android devices could materially and adversely affect the demand for, and revenues generated from, our mobile applications. There can be no assurance that the Android ecosystem will grow in the future and at what growth rate. Another operating system for mobile devices may replace Android and decrease its popularity, especially considering the constantly evolving nature of the mobile internet industry. To the extent that our mobile applications continue to mainly support Android devices, our mobile business could be vulnerable to any decline in popularity of the Android operating system or Android devices. In addition, any changes, bugs, or technical issues in Android operating system may degrade our products’ functionality and limit our ability to deliver, target, or measure the effectiveness of ads, or to charge fees related to our delivery of ads, which may have an adverse impact on our business and operating results.

User growth and engagement depend upon effective interoperation of our products with mobile devices, operating systems and standards that we do not control.

Our products and services are available across a variety of mobile devices and mobile operating systems. In order to deliver high quality products and services to a broad spectrum of mobile internet users, it is important for our products and services to work well with a range of mobile devices, operating systems, networks and standards that we do not control, including Android and iOS operating systems. Any changes in such devices or operating systems that degrade the functionality of our products and services would affect our users’ experience with our products. If we fail to develop relationships with the key participants in the mobile internet industry and mobile advertising industry, or if we fail to maintain the effective interoperation of our products and services with these mobile devices, operating systems, networks and standards, our user growth and user engagement could be harmed, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Table of Contents

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, distributed by, retrieved from or linked to the mobile applications integrated into our products, which may adversely impact our brand image and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may display third-party content, such as videos, pictures, books, articles and other works, on our mobile applications without the explicit consent from such third party, and we may further explore market opportunities in the content-related business. Our users may misuse our products to disseminate content that contains inappropriate, fraudulent or illegal information or that infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties. We have implemented control measures and procedures to detect and block inappropriate, fraudulent or illegal content uploaded to or disseminated through our products, particularly those that violate our user agreements or applicable laws and regulations. However, such procedures may not be sufficient to block all such content due to the large volume of third-party content. Despite the procedures and measures we have taken, if the content displayed on our products are found to be fraudulent, illegal or inappropriate, we may suffer a loss of users and damage to our reputation. In response to any allegations of fraudulent, illegal or inappropriate activities conducted through our mobile applications or any negative media coverage about us, government authorities may intervene and hold us liable for non-compliance with laws and regulations concerning the dissemination of information on the internet and subject us to administrative penalties or other sanctions, such as requiring us to restrict or discontinue certain features and services provided by our mobile applications or to temporarily or permanently disable such mobile applications. If any of such events occurs, our reputation and business may suffer and our operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property as critical to our business. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our business and reputation. We rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements to protect our proprietary rights. It is often difficult to register, maintain, and enforce intellectual property rights in countries with less developed regulatory regimes or inconsistent and unreliable enforcement mechanisms. Sometimes laws and regulations are subject to interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. In addition, our contractual agreements may be breached by our counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China and other jurisdictions in which we operate. Detecting and preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we have taken may be inadequate to prevent infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. For a detailed description of such a litigation, see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement lawsuits which could be expensive to defend and may result in our payment of substantial damages or licensing fees, disruption to our product and service offerings, and reputational harm.

The success of our business relies on the quality of our products, which in turn depends on the underlying software and related technology, such as big data analytics. The protection of such software and related technologies primarily relies on intellectual property rights including patents and trade secrets. Meanwhile, for the purpose of our business expansion, we may from time to time display third-party content, such as videos, pictures, books, articles and other works, on our mobile applications without acquiring the explicit consent from such third party. Third parties, including our competitors, may assert claims against us for alleged infringements of their patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and internet content.

Table of Contents

For instance, in May 2019, a third-party company in mainland China brought a lawsuit against Shanghai Chubao and Shanghai Chule in Shanghai Intellectual Property Court for design patent infringement. The plaintiff alleged that TouchPal Smart Input infringed its design patent of an input method, and claimed for stopping the infringement and compensation of RMB1,000,000. On December 30, 2021, Shanghai Intellectual Property Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, and urged Shanghai Chubao and Shanghai Chule to stop using the relevant design patent, and to provide compensation to the plaintiff for its economic losses of RMB300,000 and other reasonable expenses of RMB50,000 for eliminating adverse effect caused by the infringement. For more information, see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

The lengthy application procedures of software-related patents may lead to uncertainty on our intellectual property rights to our self-developed software because it increases the likelihood that there are pending patent applications whose priority dates pre-date the development of our own software that is identical or substantially similar to the software subject of the pending patent application. We have been subject to patent disputes, and expect that we may increasingly be subject to patent infringement claims as our products and monetization model expand in market share, scope and complexity. Claims have been threatened and brought against us for alleged copyright or trademark infringements based on the nature and content of information that is generated by us or by third parties, including our users, and posted in our products. In addition, we may in the future be subject to domestic or international actions alleging that certain content we have generated or third-party content that we have made available within our products and services violates the applicable laws in China or other jurisdictions.

Intellectual property claims against us, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and costly to resolve, could divert management attention away from our daily business, could require changes of the way we do business or develop our products, could require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements or to make substantial payments to settle claims or satisfy judgments, and could require us to cease conducting certain operations or offering certain products in certain areas or generally. We do not conduct comprehensive patent searches to determine whether the technologies used in our products infringe upon patents held by others. In addition, product development is inherently uncertain in a rapidly evolving technological environment in which there may be numerous patent applications pending, many of which are confidential when filed, with regard to similar technologies. While we believe that our products do not infringe in any material respect upon any intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot be certain that this is the case.

In addition, in any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property, our advertising customers and business partners could also become the target of litigation. We have certain contractual obligations to indemnify our advertising customers and the mobile device manufacturers that pre-install our products on their devices for liability that they may incur based on third-party claims of intellectual property infringement for the use of our products or technology. Many of our collaboration contracts with mobile device manufacturers provide for a cap on our indemnity obligations. In addition, in the event of any such claims, our advertising customers or business partners may decide not to use our products in the future, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.

Finally, we may also face infringement claims from the employees, consultants, agents and outside organizations we have engaged to develop our technology. While we have sought to protect ourselves against such claims through contractual means, there can be no assurance that such contractual provisions are adequate, and any of these parties might claim full or partial ownership of the intellectual property in the technology that they were engaged to develop for us.

Table of Contents

Pending or future litigation could have a material and adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.

We have been, and may continue to be, subject to lawsuits brought by our competitors, individuals or other entities against us. For example, in June 2020, a mobile device manufacturer sued us for unfair competition, alleging that one of our mobile applications had interfered with the normal use of their devices by ways of pop-up advertisements, and claimed for stopping the act and compensation of RMB4,900,000. The first-instance judgment was made in March 2021, which ordered the suspension of pop-up advertisements and awarded RMB3,000,000 to the plaintiff. After filing an appeal, we entered into a settlement agreement with the plaintiff, pursuant to which we need to provide compensation to the plaintiff of RMB1,485,955. We may also in the future be involved in legal proceedings between us and the mobile device manufactures who had contractual arrangements with us with respect to the pre-installation of our products on their mobile devices. In addition, we have been involved in lawsuits brought by our competitors alleging the infringement of intellectual property from time to time. See “—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement lawsuits which could be expensive to defend and may result in our payment of substantial damages or licensing fees, disruption to our product and service offerings, and reputational harm.”

Where we can make a reasonable estimate of the liability relating to pending litigation against us and can determine that an adverse liability resulting from such litigation is probable, we record a related contingent liability. As additional information becomes available, we assess the potential liability and revise estimated liability as appropriate. However, due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the amount of our estimated liability may be inaccurate, in which case our financial condition and results of operation may be adversely affected. In addition, the outcomes of actions we institute may not be successful or favorable to us. Lawsuits against us may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which in turn may adversely affect our user base and adverting customer base. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending litigation and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert our management’s attention from operating our daily business. We may also need to pay damages or settle lawsuits with substantial amounts of cash, which may adversely affect our cash flow and financial conditions. While we do not believe that any currently pending proceedings are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, if there were adverse determinations in legal proceedings against us, we could be required to pay substantial monetary damages or to materially alter our business practices, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and cash flows.

Some of our mobile applications contain open source software, which may pose risks to our proprietary software.

We use open source software in our products and services and expect to continue to use open source software in the future. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to sell or distribute our mobile applications. Additionally, we may from time to time face threats or claims from third-parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the alleged open source software or derivative works we developed using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These threats or claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated mobile applications unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement. Such a re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete it successfully. In addition to risks related to license requirements, our use of certain open source software may lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Additionally, because any software source code we contribute to open source projects is publicly available, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such software source code may be limited or lost entirely, and we are unable to prevent our competitors or others from using such contributed software source code. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Table of Contents

Any financial or economic crisis, or perceived threat of such a crisis may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008 and the United States, European and other economies went into recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven and the global financial markets are facing new challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the hostilities in the Ukraine, the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014 and the volatility in financial markets across the world due to COVID-19. It is unclear whether these challenges will be contained and what effects they each may have. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including China’s. Recently there have been signs that the rate of China’s and global economic growth is declining. Any prolonged slowdown in global economic development might lead to tighter credit markets, increased market volatility, sudden drops in business and market confidence and dramatic changes in business and consumer behaviors.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed in recent years, and the trend may continue especially in light of the challenges the global economy is facing due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. The conflict in Ukraine and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia could raise energy prices and disrupt global markets. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in international trade policies and international barriers to trade or the escalation of trade tensions may have an adverse effect on our business.

International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures that could adversely affect our business. Tariffs could increase our operating costs as well as the cost of the goods and products which could affect our customer’s discretionary spending level. In addition, any escalation in existing trade tensions or the advent of a trade war, or news and rumors of the escalation of a potential trade war, could affect consumer confidence and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and, ultimately, the trading price of our ADSs.

Political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, the COVID-19 outbreak, the PRC National People’s Congress’ passage of Hong Kong national security legislation, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the central government of the PRC, and the executive orders issued by U.S. President in August 2020 and the new executive order issued by the U.S. President in June 2021 which sought or seek to prohibit certain transactions with, or equity investment in, certain Chinese companies and their respective subsidiaries. In addition, on December 31, 2020, the New York Stock Exchange commenced proceedings to delist securities of three major telecommunications service providers in China in light of an executive order prohibiting any transaction in publicly traded securities of certain China-based companies by any U.S. person. We have been closely monitoring domestic policies in the United States designed to restrict certain Chinese companies from supplying or operating in the U.S. market. However, it remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the United States, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters. If any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if the U.S. government takes retaliatory trade actions due to the recent U.S.-China trade tensions, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Likewise, we are monitoring policies in the United States that are aimed at restricting U.S. persons from investing in or supplying certain Chinese companies. The United States and various foreign governments have imposed controls, license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of technologies and products (or voiced the intention to do so). For instance, the United States is in the process of developing new export controls with respect to “emerging and foundational” technologies, which may include certain AI and semiconductor technologies. In addition, the U.S. government may potentially impose a ban prohibiting U.S. persons from making investments in or engaging in transactions with certain Chinese companies. Measures such as these could deter suppliers in the United States and/or other countries that impose export controls and other restrictions from providing technologies and products to, making investments in, or otherwise engaging in transactions with Chinese companies. As a result, Chinese companies would have to identify and secure alterative supplies or sources of financing, while they may not be able to do so in a timely manner and at commercially acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, Chinese companies may have to limit and reduce their research and development and other business activities, or cease conducting transactions with parties, in the United States and other countries that impose export controls or other restrictions. Like other Chinese companies, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as a result.

If relations between China and the United States deteriorate, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

At various times during recent years, the United States and China have had significant disagreements over monetary, economic, political and social issues, including currently in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, and future relations between these two countries may deteriorate. Changes in political conditions and changes in the state of China-U.S. relations are difficult to predict and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, because of our extensive operations in the Chinese market, any deterioration in political or trade relations might cause a public perception in the United States or elsewhere that might cause our products to become less attractive. We cannot predict what effect any changes in China-U.S. relations may have on our ability to access capital or effectively do business in China or the United States. Moreover, any political or trade controversies between the United States and China, whether or not directly related to our business, could cause investors to be unwilling to hold or buy our ADSs and consequently cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline.

Our business depends on a number of key employees, including our executive officers and other employees with key technical skills and knowledge. If we fail to hire, retain, or motivate our key employees, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on the continued contributions of our executive officers and other key employees, including those with key technological expertise, many of whom are difficult to replace. Any loss of the services of any of our senior management or other key employees could harm our business. Competition for qualified employees in and outside China is intense. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees may have greater resources than we do and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. Our future success is dependent on our ability to attract a significant number of qualified employees and retain our existing key employees. If our key employees cease to work for us, our business may be materially and adversely affected and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel to replace them.

Although we have entered into confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our key employees, our key employees may join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all. We commit significant time and other resources to training our employees, which increases their value to competitors if they subsequently leave us for our competitors.

Table of Contents

Our failure to effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies may harm our business and operating results.

We have experienced solid growth in the number of active users, and we plan to continue to expand our product offerings in the global market. Managing our growth requires allocation of valuable management time and resources, and significant expenditures. As part of our strategy, we intend to continue making investments to expand our user base, strengthen our research and development efforts, and enhance our ability to deliver highly targeted content. To execute our business plan and growth strategy, we need to continuously improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, and hire, train, manage and maintain good relations with our employees. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our users, advertising customers and business partners. We have limited operational experience in managing the business at the current scale and we cannot assure you we will be able to maintain the current level of growth rate in the future.

From time to time we may conduct strategic investments and acquisitions, which may require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial conditions.

We may take advantage of opportunities to invest in or acquire additional businesses, services, assets or technologies. For example, we have invested several game studios in China and overseas during the past, including Smillage, a game studio that has created popular games such as Catwalk Beauty, Truth Runner and Love Fantasy. However, we may fail to select appropriate investment or acquisition targets, or we may not be able to negotiate optimal arrangements, including arrangements to finance any acquisitions. Acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own could require significant management attention and could result in a diversion of resources away from our existing business. Investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, increased leverage, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential liabilities of the acquired business. In addition, the invested or acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating these transactions may be significant. In addition to obtaining the necessary corporate governance approvals, we may also need to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and investments to comply with applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delays.

We rely on our assumptions and estimates to calculate certain key operating metrics. Any real or perceived inaccuracies in our calculations may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

The numbers of daily and monthly active users of our products are calculated using our internal data that has not been independently verified. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable periods of measurement, there are inherent challenges in accurately measuring usage and user engagement across our large user base. For example, we treat each mobile device or each application on a mobile device as a separate user for purposes of calculating our DAUs and MAUs, and we may not be able to distinguish individual users who use multiple applications from us or have multiple mobile devices. Accordingly, the calculations of our active users may not accurately reflect the actual number of people using our products.

We regularly review and may adjust our processes for calculating our internal metrics to improve their accuracy. Our measures of user growth and user engagement may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by our competitors due to differences in methodology. If our advertising customers, business partners or investors do not perceive our user metrics to be accurate representations of our user base or user engagement, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our user metrics, our reputation may be harmed and our advertising customers and business partners may be less willing to allocate their spending or resources to our products, which could negatively affect our business and operating results.

Table of Contents

Our operating results are subject to seasonal fluctuations due to a number of factors, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to seasonality and other fluctuations in our business. Revenues from our mobile advertising services, which constituted substantially all of our revenues in 2021, are affected by seasonality in advertising spending in both international and China markets. We believe that such seasonality in advertising spending affects our quarterly results, partially resulting in the significant growth in our mobile advertising revenues between the first and the third quarters but a decline from the third quarter to the fourth quarter. Our operating results for one or more future quarters or years may fluctuate or fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In such event, the trading price of the ADSs may fluctuate.

The successful operation of our business depends upon the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China and in other countries as well as the safety of our network and infrastructure.

Our growth and expansion will depend in part on the reliability of state-owned telecommunications services providers in China and similar providers in other countries in maintaining and expanding internet and telecommunications infrastructure, standards, protocols, and complementary products and services.

Almost all access to the internet in China is offered through China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom, which are under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. We rely on the internet infrastructure of China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom to provide bandwidth and transmit data. Although the Chinese government has announced plans to develop China’s national information infrastructure, this infrastructure may not be developed in time or at all, and the existing internet infrastructure in China may not be able to support the continued growth of internet usage. In addition, it is unlikely that we will have access to alternative networks and services on a timely basis, if at all, in the event of any infrastructure disruption or failure.

Users of our mobile applications may employ existing or new technologies to block advertisements placed by us, which may limit our ability to generate revenues from our advertising services.

Existing or new technologies that can disable the display of our advertisements may impair the growth of our mobile advertising business. Most of our revenues are derived from fees paid to us by advertising exchange customers based on the effective price per impression, which is impacted by the number of our users’ valid clicks, conversions, impressions delivered or other measurable results. If technologies capable of blocking advertisements on our products are adopted by a significant number of our users, we may not be able to continue delivering such advertisements to our users and our revenues may decrease. In addition, advertisers may choose not to advertise on or through our products in light of the perceived use by our users of advertisement-blocking measures, which may adversely affect our business and growth prospects.

If we fail to detect click-through fraud, we could lose the confidence of our advertisers and our revenues may decline as a result.

Our business is exposed to the risk of click-through fraud on our mobile applications. Click-through fraud occurs when a person clicks an advertisement displayed by us for a reason other than to view the underlying content of such advertisement. If we fail to detect significant fraudulent click-throughs or otherwise are unable to prevent significant fraudulent activity, the affected advertisers may experience a reduced return on their investment in our mobile advertising services and may lose confidence in the integrity of our systems. As a result, we may have to issue refunds to our advertisers and we may be unable to retain existing advertising customers and attract new advertising customers for our advertising services, and our mobile advertising revenues may decline. In addition, affected advertisers may commence legal action against us for claims related to click-through fraud. Any such claims or similar claims, regardless of their merit, could be time-consuming and costly for us to defend against and could also adversely affect our brand and operating results.

Table of Contents

Our business emphasizes rapid innovation and prioritizes the growth in user base and cultivation of content ecosystem of content-rich portfolio products. That strategy may produce results that do not align with investors’ expectation and our stock price may be negatively affected as a result.

Our growth depends on our ability to actively develop and launch new and innovative products and services. We intend to quickly adapt our products to changes in market trends and user needs, but we have no control over whether these adaptions will be well received by our users, advertising customers or business partners, and may result in unintended outcomes or consequences. We prioritize the growth in user base and cultivation of content ecosystem of content-rich portfolio products. For example, we monitor how our delivery of advertisements on our products affects our users’ experience with the products and we may decide to decrease the number of advertisements placed on our products to ensure our users’ satisfaction with our products. This could result in a loss of advertising customers and negatively impact our mobile advertising revenue. Our decisions may not be consistent with the short-term expectations of investors and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case the maintenance and growth of our user base, our relationships with advertising customers, and our business and operating results could be adversely and materially harmed.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, options, restricted shares units and other types of share-based incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We adopted a stock incentive plan in 2012 and a share incentive plan in 2018, as amended from time to time, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to our directors, officers, employees and advisors to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Expenses associated with share-based compensation have affected our net income and may reduce our net income in the future, and any additional securities issued pursuant to share-based incentive awards will dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs. On November 6, 2018, our board of directors approved an option modification to reduce the exercise price of certain options granted under our 2012 Plan to employees. Other terms of the share options granted remain unchanged. The modification resulted in incremental compensation costs of US$ 0.3 million, which is amortized over the remaining vesting period of the modified options, ranging from 2018 to 2021. We believe the granting of share-based incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key employees, and we plan to grant share-based incentive awards in the future. As a result, our share-based compensation expenses may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

If we fail to build, maintain and enhance our brands, or if we incur a disproportionate amount of expenses pursuing this effort, our business, operating results and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand is critical to expanding our user base and number of advertising customers. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide useful, reliable, trustworthy, and innovative products, which we may not be able to do successfully in the future. We will also continue to experience media, legislative, or regulatory scrutiny of our decisions regarding user privacy, content, advertising, and other issues, which may adversely affect our reputation and brands. We also may fail to respond expeditiously to the sharing and uploading of objectionable content on our products and services or objectionable practices by advertising customers, or may fail to otherwise address user concerns, which could erode confidence in our brands. In addition, maintaining and enhancing our brands may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. We promote our brand and products through online advertising networks and platforms, which primarily include Douyin, Tencent, Kuaishou, Applovin and Facebook Ads, as well as social media channels, which primarily include WeChat. These branding and marketing efforts may not result in increased user traffic in a cost-effective way. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brands or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business and financial results may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity in relation to our mobile applications, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brands and reputation and, in turn, our business and financial results.

Table of Contents

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

In preparing our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness and one significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, in accordance with the standards established by the PCAOB of the United States. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, and a “significant deficiency” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that is less severe than a material weakness, yet important enough to merit attention by those responsible for oversight of financial reporting.

The material weakness that has been identified relates to our lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. The significant deficiency that has been identified relates to our insufficient formal risk assessment process and monitoring activities. Following the identification of the material weakness and significant deficiency, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remediate these control deficiencies. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” As of December 31, 2021, based on our management’s assessment on the performance of the remediation measures, we determined that the material weakness has been remediated while the significant deficiency remains as it had not been fully remediated. The significant deficiency, if not remediated timely, may lead to material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements. Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional deficiencies may have been identified.

We are a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, adopted rules pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as we have become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

Table of Contents

Non-compliance on the part of third parties with whom we conduct business could disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial conditions and operating results.

We may be implicated by the non-compliant or improper activities of our users, advertising customers and business partners. For example, we may be involved in litigation related to user-generated content uploaded to our mobile applications. See also “—We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, distributed by, retrieved from or linked to the mobile applications integrated into our products, which may adversely impact our brand image and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.” Similarly, we may also be subject to disputes related to advertisements displayed on our mobile applications. Although we have adopted a comprehensive internal control and screening procedure over the content of advertisements, a third party may find advertisements displaying on our mobile applications improper or illegal, and may take actions against us over such advertisements. We incurred costs of US$1.7 million to compensate victims of the alleged illegal advertisements for our failure to supervise advertising contents displayed on our platform in compliance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. Besides, we may be subject to disputes related to certain alleged illegal act of our customers, the advertising service fees paid by the customers to us in the course of normal advertising business may be deemed to involve illegal funds and be confiscated. A local authority had frozen our bank accounts with a total balance of US$21.7 million as of December 31, 2020 in connection with an investigation related to an alleged illegal act of certain customers in 2020, which were unfrozen in 2021.

In addition, we may be impacted by lawsuits against our business partners, such as mobile devices manufacturers that have contractual arrangements with us. Although we have no control over the design, system, network or standard of the manufacturing of smartphones by these business partners, any lawsuits against them claiming infringement of intellectual property and any cessation of handset production resulting from such lawsuits may interrupt our collaborative operations and result in the reduction of our delivery of products and services to potential users.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and, as a result, we may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because Mr. Karl Kan Zhang owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors or that we have to establish a nominating committee and a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

We lease premises and may not be able to fully control the rental costs, quality, maintenance and our leasehold interest in these premises, nor can we guarantee that we will be able to successfully renew or find suitable premises to replace our existing premises upon expiration of the existing leases.

We lease all premises used in our operations from third parties and we require the landlords’ cooperation to effectively manage the condition of such premises, buildings and facilities. In the event that the condition of the office premises, buildings and facilities deteriorates, or if any or all of our landlords fail to properly maintain and renovate such premises, buildings or facilities in a timely manner or at all, the operation of our offices could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, with respect to our leased premises, at the end of each lease term, we may need to negotiate an extension of the lease when the lease expires. If we are unable to successfully extend or renew our leases upon expiration of the current term on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we may be forced to relocate our offices, or the rental costs may increase significantly.

Moreover, certain lessors have not provided us with valid ownership certificates or authorizations of sublease for our leased properties. Under relevant PRC laws and regulations, if the lessors are unable to obtain certificate of title because such real estates were built illegally or failed to pass the inspection, such lease contracts may be recognized as void. In addition, if our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant government authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with owners or parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us.

Table of Contents

As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any material claims or actions being contemplated or initiated by government authorities, property owners or any other third parties with respect to our leasehold interests in or use of such properties. However, we cannot assure you that our use of such leased properties will not be challenged. In the event that our use of properties is successfully challenged, we may be subject to fines and forced to relocate the affected operations. In addition, we may become involved in disputes with the property owners or third parties who otherwise have rights to or interests in our leased properties. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to find suitable replacement sites on terms acceptable to us on a timely basis, or at all, or that we will not be subject to liabilities resulting from third parties’ challenges on our use of such properties. As a result, our business operations may be interrupted, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We have limited business insurance coverage. Any interruption of our business may result in substantial costs to us and the diversion of our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

Insurance products available in China currently are not as extensive as those offered in more developed economies. Consistent with customary industry practice in China, our business insurance is limited and we do not carry business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for related risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to obtain or maintain such insurance. Any uninsured damage to our systems or disruption of our business operations could require us to incur substantial costs and divert our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our business operations.

In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in China and globally, including the outbreak of COVID-19. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic. COVID-19 has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of businesses and facilities in China and worldwide.

The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in the global economy. To contain the spread of COVID-19, the Chinese government has taken certain emergency measures, including extension of the Lunar New Year holidays, implementation of travel bans and lock-downs, blockade of certain roads and closure of factories and businesses, and encouragement of remote working arrangements and cancellation of public activities. Recently, there has been a recurrence of COVID-19 outbreaks in certain provinces of China, including Shanghai, due to the Delta and Omicron variants. As a result, the Chinese government has implemented similar emergency measures to contain further spread of COVID-19.

As it has historically, the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to, among other things, (i) reduce or curtail our customers’ advertising expenditures and overall demand for our services, (ii) increase the volatility of our customers’ advertising expenditure patterns from period-to-period, (iii) delay or cancel our customers’ advertising campaigns, and (iv) increase the volatility of the size and engagement of our active user base, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Impact of COVID-19 on Our Operations and Financial Performance.”

Our headquarters are located in Shanghai, and we currently lease the majority of our offices in various parts of China to support our operations. We have reinstated remote working arrangements for our employees in affected regions, which could however reduce the capacity and efficiency of our operations and negatively impact the normal business operations. This outbreak of communicable disease has caused, and may cause again in the future, our business partners, to implement temporary adjustment of work schemes allowing employees to work from home and adopt remote collaboration. Our other measures taken to reduce the impact of this epidemic outbreak included upgrading our telecommuting system, monitoring our employees’ health on a daily basis, and optimizing our technology system to support potential growth in user traffic.

There remains uncertainty around the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken, or may be taken, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which will depend on numerous factors, including, among others, the emergence of new cases of COVID-19 and its variants, hospitalization and mortality rates, and the availability and distribution of safe and effective treatments and vaccines.

Table of Contents

Changes in the method for determining the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or China Loan Prime Rate (“LPR”) and the potential replacement of LIBOR or LPR may affect our cost of capital and net investment income.

We entered into a credit facility agreement with a commercial bank in July 2016, as renewed in June 2020 and further renewed in June 2021, under which agreement we can borrow up to US$10.0 million, collateralized by our accounts receivable by June 2022. The interest rate for this credit facility is London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or China Loan Prime Rate (“LPR”), plus an applicable margin. In July 2021, we entered into a credit facility agreement with a commercial bank under which we can draw down up to US$1.6 million by July 2022. In December 2021, we entered into a loan agreement with another commercial bank which we can draw down US$1.6 million by December 31, 2021. The interest rates for these two agreements are the LPR. As of December 31, 2021, there was no unused facilities under these agreements. See also “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

The LIBOR benchmark has been subject to national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for calculation of LIBOR after 2021. These reforms may cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past and LIBOR may ultimately cease to exist after 2021 or be unsuitable to use as a benchmark. The consequences of any potential cessation, modification or other reform of LIBOR cannot be predicted at this time. Any new benchmark rate will likely not replicate LIBOR exactly, which could impact new credit facilities and derivative transaction entered into after 2021. We may need to negotiate with the commercial bank to determine an alternative reference rate for our credit facility agreement, which may perform differently than LIBOR. Any changes to benchmark rates could have an impact on our cost of funds and our access to the capital markets, which could impact our results of operations and cash flows. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes may also adversely affect the trading market for our securities.

The LPR refers to the one-year loan market quoted interest rate issued by the National Bank Interbank Funding Center on the 20th of each month starting from August 20, 2019, and the one-year loan market quoted interest rate issued by the National Bank Interbank Funding Center on December 20, 2021 was 3.8%.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Current PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, including the provision of internet information services. Specifically, foreign ownership of an internet information services provider may not exceed 50%, with limited exemptions in sectors such as e-commerce. We are a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and Shanghai Chule (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd., which we refer to as Shanghai Chule or the WFOE, is our wholly owned PRC subsidiary and therefore is considered as a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in mainland China through the VIEs, including Shanghai Chubao (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Chubao, and several other PRC domestic entities, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among Shanghai Chule, the VIEs and their respective shareholders, and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert control over the VIEs and consolidate or combine their operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The VIEs hold the licenses, approvals and certain key assets that are essential for our business operations. For a detailed discussion of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4.C. Information on the Company—Organizational Structure.”

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, JunHe LLP, based on its understanding of the relevant PRC laws and regulations, (i) the ownership structures of the VIEs in mainland China and the PRC subsidiary that have entered into contractual arrangements with the VIEs comply with all existing PRC laws and regulations; and (ii) the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs and their respective shareholders are valid and binding under the existing PRC laws and regulations.

Table of Contents

However, we are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs and we conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in our PRC operating entities but in our Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government determines that contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the VIEs. We may not be able to repay our outstanding indebtedness, and our shares may decline in value or become worthless, if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of our PRC affiliated entities, which contributed to 37.3% of our net revenues in 2021. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainties about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a group.

Our PRC legal counsel has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules; accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. It is uncertain whether any other new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the VIEs are found in violation of any PRC laws or regulations or if the contractual arrangements among Shanghai Chule, the VIEs and their respective shareholders are determined as illegal or invalid by the PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

●

revoke our business and operating licenses;

●

levy fines on us;

●

confiscate any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

●

require us to discontinue or restrict operations;

●

restrict our right to collect revenues;

●

block our mobile applications;

●

require us to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel us to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate our businesses, staff and assets;

●

impose additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply; or

●

take other regulatory or enforcement actions against our group that could be harmful to our business.

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct the business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes us to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIEs or the right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate the VIEs. We do not believe that any penalties imposed or actions taken by the PRC government would result in the liquidation of our company, Shanghai Chule, or the VIEs.

Table of Contents

Although we believe we, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs comply with current PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree that our contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. The PRC government has broad discretion in determining rectifiable or punitive measures for non-compliance with or violations of PRC laws and regulations. If the PRC government determines that we or the VIEs do not comply with any applicable laws, it could revoke the VIEs’ business and operating licenses, require the VIEs to discontinue or restrict the VIEs’ operations, restrict the VIEs’ rights to collect revenues, block the VIEs’ websites, require the VIEs to restructure operations, impose additional conditions or requirements with which the VIEs may not be able to comply, impose restrictions on the VIEs’ business operations or on their customers, or take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the VIEs that could be harmful to their business. Any of these or similar occurrences could significantly disrupt our or the VIEs’ business operations or restrict the VIEs from conducting a substantial portion of their business operations, which could materially and adversely affect the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of any of the VIEs that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from any of the VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate these entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless.

Due to the PRC restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of internet and other related businesses in mainland China, we operate our business in mainland China through the VIEs, in which we have no ownership interest. We rely on a series of contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders, including the powers of attorney, to control and operate their business.

Our ability to control the VIEs depends on the powers of attorney, pursuant to which Shanghai Chule can vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIEs.

We believe these powers of attorney are legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us with effective control over the VIEs and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for further details.

Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, JunHe LLP, that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs and their respective shareholders are valid and binding under existing PRC laws and regulations, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control over the VIEs as direct ownership. If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend substantial resources to enforce our rights. All of these contractual arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordance with PRC laws, and disputes arising from these contractual arrangements will be resolved through arbitration in mainland China. Such disputes do not include claims arising under the United States federal securities laws and therefore these arbitration provisions do not prevent you from pursuing claims arising under the United States federal securities laws. However, the legal system in mainland China, particularly as it relates to arbitration proceedings, is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.” There are very few precedents and little official guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of arbitration should legal action become necessary. These uncertainties could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In addition, arbitration awards are final and can only be enforced in courts in mainland China through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which could cause additional expenses and delays. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements or we experience significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our affiliated entities and may lose control over the assets owned by the VIEs. As a result, we may be unable to consolidate the VIEs in our consolidated financial statements, our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected, and our business operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Table of Contents

Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective. For example, if the shareholders of the VIEs were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in the VIEs to us or our designee when we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in mainland China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.” Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law, and as a result it may be difficult to predict how an arbitration panel would view such contractual arrangements. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Additionally, under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in courts in mainland China through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay.

The VIEs hold certain assets that are important to our business operations, including the VAT License concerning information services, and the Online Culture Operating Permit. Under our contractual arrangements, the shareholders of the VIEs may not voluntarily liquidate the VIEs or approve them to sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or legal or beneficial interests exceeding certain threshold in the business in any manner without our prior consent. However, in the event that the shareholders breach this obligation and voluntarily liquidate the VIEs, or the VIEs declare bankruptcy, or all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if the VIEs undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, their shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of their assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Contractual arrangements we have entered into with the VIEs and their respective shareholders may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that we owe additional taxes could significantly reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.

Pursuant to applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs and their shareholders are not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing. As a result, the PRC tax authorities could require that the VIEs adjust its taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such an adjustment could adversely affect us by increasing the VIEs’ tax expenses without reducing the tax expenses of our PRC subsidiary, subjecting the VIEs to late payment fees and other penalties for under-payment of taxes, and resulting in our PRC subsidiary’s loss of its preferential tax treatment. Our consolidated results of operations may be adversely affected if the VIEs’ tax liabilities increase or if it is subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Table of Contents

If the chops of our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs, are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.

In mainland China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third-parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Each legally registered company in mainland China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local Public Security Bureau. In addition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. The chops of our PRC subsidiary, the VIEs are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordance with our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safe, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms of any documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so.

The shareholders of the VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

The shareholders of certain VIEs include Karl Kan Zhang, Susan Qiaoling Li, Michael Jialiang Wang, Jim Jian Wang and Haiyan Zhu. Karl Kan Zhang and Susan Qiaoling Li are our co-founders, directors and executive officers. Michael Jialiang Wang is our consultant and one of our directors. Jim Jian Wang is one of our directors. Haiyan Zhu is one of our early investors.

Conflicts of interest may arise between the roles of these persons as shareholders, directors or officers of our company and as shareholders of the VIEs. We rely on these individuals to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that our directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to our company to act in good faith and in the best interest of our company and not to use their positions for personal gain. The shareholders of the VIEs have executed powers of attorney to appoint Shanghai Chule, our PRC subsidiary, or a person designated by Shanghai Chule to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of the VIEs. We cannot assure you that when conflicts arise, shareholders of the VIEs will act in the best interest of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

We may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares.

We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiary for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to the holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiary incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our wholly owned subsidiary in the PRC, Shanghai Chule, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. The PRC company could distribute the remaining after-tax profits after making up losses and funding reserve funds in accordance with the provisions of the PRC Company Law.

Any limitation on the ability of our wholly owned PRC subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC ‘resident enterprise,’ which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”

Table of Contents

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and business operations.

The National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law (the “FIL”) on March 15, 2019, and the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law (the “Implementation Regulations”) on December 12, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, which replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in mainland China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Supreme People’s Court of China issued a judicial interpretation on the Foreign Investment Law on December 26, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the Foreign Investment Law. According to this judicial interpretation, courts in mainland China shall not, among other things, support contracted parties to claim foreign investment contracts in sectors not on the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access to Foreign Investment (2021 Revision), or 2021 Negative List, as void because the contracts have not been approved or registered by administrative authorities. The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign invested enterprises, except for those operating in “restricted” or “prohibited” industries in the “negative list,” where if a foreign invested enterprise proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment “restrictions” in the “negative list,” the foreign invested enterprise must go through a MOFCOM pre-approval process. The internet content service, internet audio-visual program services and online culture activities that we conduct through the VIEs are subject to foreign investment restrictions set forth in the 2021 Negative List. The Foreign Investment Law and Implementation Regulations embody an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments.

However, uncertainties still exist in relation to their interpretation. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in mainland China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

As substantially all of our daily operations are conducted in mainland China, we are subject to PRC laws relating to, among others, cyber security and restrictions over foreign investments in value-added telecommunications services. Specifically, we may be subject to PRC laws relating to the collection, use, sharing, retention, security, and transfer of confidential and private information, such as personal information and other data provided by our users. These PRC laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information among us, our PRC subsidiary and the VIEs, and other parties with which we have commercial relations. These PRC laws and their interpretations and enforcement continue to develop and are subject to change, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future.

Table of Contents

The recent regulatory developments in mainland China, in particular with respect to restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore, including through the variable interest entities structure, or the VIE structure, and the government-led cyber security reviews of certain companies with the VIE structure, may lead to additional regulatory review in mainland China over our financing and capital raising activities in the United States. In addition, we may become subject to industry-wide regulations that may be adopted by the relevant PRC authorities, which may have the effect of limiting our product and service offerings, restricting the scope of our operations in mainland China, or causing the suspension or termination of our business operations in mainland China entirely, all of which will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may have to adjust, modify, or completely change our business operations in response to adverse regulatory changes or policy developments, and we cannot assure you that any remedial action adopted by us can be completed in a timely, cost-efficient, or liability-free manner or at all.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The PRC Data Security Law, among other things, provides for a security review procedure for the data activities that may affect national security. Furthermore, on December 28, 2021, the CAC published the Measures for Cyber Security Review, effective from February 15, 2022, which provided that critical information infrastructure operators that procure internet products and services, and internet platform operators engaging in data processing activities, must be subject to the cyber security review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The measures further stipulate that internet platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information shall apply with the Cyber Security Review Office for a cyber security review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. On August 17, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of the important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, communications, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector, or Protection Departments, shall be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or sector. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators.

As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, no detailed rules or implementation has been issued by any Protection Departments and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any governmental authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC governmental authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under PRC law. We cannot predict the impact of the measures, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process.

Furthermore, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, effective from November 1, 2021, which required each general network operator to obtain a personal information protection certification issued by recognized institutions in accordance with the CAC regulation before such information can be transferred out of mainland China. PRC Personal Information Protection Law provides special rules for processing sensitive personal information. Sensitive personal information refers to personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, could easily lead to the infringement of human dignity or harm to the personal or property safety of an individual, including biometric recognition, religious belief, specific identity, medical and health, financial account, personal whereabouts and other information of an individual, as well as any personal information of a minor under the age of 14. An information processor is allowed to process personal information only if it has a specific purpose and processing personal information is necessary for that purpose, and it has implemented strict measures to protect personal information. A personal information processor shall inform the individual of the necessity of processing such sensitive personal information and the impact thereof on the individual’s rights and interests. As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, we cannot assure you that we will comply with the PRC Personal Information Protection Law in all respects and our current practice of collecting and processing sensitive personal information may be ordered to be rectified or terminated by regulatory authorities. We may also become subject to fines and other penalties which may have material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

Table of Contents

It also remains uncertain whether the future regulatory changes would impose additional restrictions on companies like us. If we are not able to comply with the cyber security and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our app from the relevant application stores, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, we have not been involved in any investigations on cyber security review made by the Cyberspace Administration of China on such basis, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect.

Our principal offices are based in China. Accordingly, our operating results, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. Economic reforms begun in the late 1970s have resulted in significant economic growth. However, any economic reform policies or measures in China may from time to time be modified or revised. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven across different regions and among different economic sectors. In addition, the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012, and the impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese and global economies in 2020 and 2021 is likely to be severe. In particular, the National Bureau of Statistics of China reported a 8.1% growth in GDP for the full year of 2021, compared with the full year of 2020.

The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Although the Chinese economy has grown significantly in the past decade, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the Chinese economy in recent years. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and court decisions have limited precedential value. The PRC legal system evolves rapidly, and the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC judicial and administrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based, in part, on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all, but which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

Table of Contents

The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and the VIEs’ subsidiaries in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and it may influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Also, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For example, on July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On December 28, 2021, the CAC published the Measures for Cyber Security Review, effective on February 15, 2022, which required that, internet platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information shall apply with the Cyber Security Review Office for a cyber security review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. On November 14, 2021, the CAC released a discussion draft of the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security, or the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, for public comments, which requires, among others, that a prior cyber security review should be required for listing abroad of data processors which process over one million users’ personal information, and the listing of data processors in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security. We believe, to the best of our knowledge, our business operations do not violate any of the above PRC laws and regulations currently in effect in material aspects. We have been taking, and will continue to take, reasonable measures to comply with such laws, regulations, announcement, provisions and inspection requirements. However, since the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security are in the process of being formulated and the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law remain unclear on how it will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC governmental authorities, it remains uncertain how PRC governmental authorities will regulate overseas listing in general and whether we are required to obtain any specific regulatory approvals from the CSRC, CAC or any other PRC governmental authorities for our offshore offerings. If the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for our future offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline, or become worthless. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Table of Contents

The PRC government authorities have recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are or have been conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As a follow-up, on December 24, 2021, the CSRC issued a draft of the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and a draft of Administration Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies for public comments.

These draft measures propose to establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by domestic companies. Specifically, an overseas offering and listing by a PRC company, whether directly or indirectly, an initial or follow-on offering, must be complete filing procedure with and report to the CSRC. The issuer or its affiliated PRC entity, as the case may be, shall file with the CSRC for its initial public offering, follow-on offering and other equivalent offing activities. The examination and determination of an indirect offering and listing will be conducted on a substance-over-form basis, and an offering and listing shall be deemed as a PRC company’s indirect overseas offering and listing if the issuer meets the following conditions: (i) any of the operating income, gross profit, total assets, or net assets of the PRC enterprise in the most recent fiscal year was more than 50% of the relevant line item in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statement for that year; and (ii) senior management personnel responsible for business operations and management are mostly PRC citizens or are ordinarily resident in mainland China, and the principal place of business is in mainland China or carried out in mainland China. It is unclear based on these draft measures whether either or both of the above criteria need to be satisfied. Particularly, the issuer shall submit the filing with respect to its initial public offering and listing within three business days after its initial filing of the listing application, and submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offering within three business days after the completion of the follow-on offering. The issuer shall submit the filing with respect to its offering for acquisition of Chinese domestic assets within three business days after the date of its first announcement of the transaction. The issuer shall report the specific circumstances to the CSRC within three working days from the date of occurrence of the following major events after overseas listing: (i) change of control; (ii) initiation of investigation or imposition of punishment by overseas securities regulatory agency or relevant competent authority; and (iii) voluntary termination of listing or forced termination of listing. If the principle business activities of the issuer have changed significantly after the overseas listing and are no longer within the scope of the initial filing, it shall submit a special report to the CSRC and a legal opinion issued by a Chinese law firm within three working days after the date of such change to explain the situation. Failure to comply with the filing and reporting requirements may result in fines to the relevant PRC companies, suspension of their businesses, revocation of their business licenses and operation permits and fines on the controlling shareholder and other responsible persons. These draft measures also set forth certain regulatory red lines for overseas offerings and listings by PRC enterprises.

There are substantial uncertainties as to whether these draft measures to regulate direct or indirect overseas offering and listing would be further amended, revised or updated their enactment timetable and final content. As the CSRC may formulate and publish guidelines for filings in the future, these draft measures do not provide for detailed requirements of the substance and form of the filing documents. In a Q&A released on CSRC’s official website on December 24, 2021, the respondent CSRC official indicated that the proposed new filing requirement will start with new issuers and listed companies seeking follow-on financing and other financing activities. As for the filings for other listed companies, the regulator will grant adequate transition period and apply separate arrangements. The Q&A also pointed out that, if compliant with relevant PRC laws and regulations, companies with compliant VIE structure may seek overseas listing after completion of the CSRC filings. Nevertheless, the Q&A did not specify what would qualify as a “compliant VIE structure” and what relevant PRC laws and regulations are required to be complied with. The draft Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing by Domestic Enterprises does not provide for a clear scope of government work secrets or the documents and materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Given the substantial uncertainties surrounding the latest CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that, if ever required, we would be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, if at all.

Table of Contents

On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the MOFCOM jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Version), or the 2021 Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Special Administrative Measures, if a PRC company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the 2021 Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Besides, according the further explanation of the NDRC, the foreign investors of the direct overseas offering and listing company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentages shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. As the 2021 Negative List is relatively new, there remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation and implementation of these new requirements, and it is unclear as to whether and to what extent listed companies like us will be subject to these new requirements. If we are required to comply with these requirements and fail to do so on a timely basis, if at all, our business operation, financial conditions and business prospect may be adversely and materially affected.

In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, are required for our future offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or filing or other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, limit our operating privileges in mainland China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into mainland China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

Content posted or displayed on our platform may be found objectionable by PRC regulatory authorities and may subject us to penalties and other severe consequences.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet and wireless access and the distribution of information over the internet and wireless telecommunication networks. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet or wireless networks content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Furthermore, internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of the PRC. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content or other licenses, the closure of the concerned platforms and reputational harm. The operator may also be held liable for any censored information displayed on or linked to their platform. For a detailed discussion, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Cyber Security.”

We operate a number of portfolio products in China, including Fengdu Novel. We have implemented procedures to monitor the content displayed on our products in order to comply with relevant laws and regulations. However, it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types of content that could result in our liability as a distributor of such content and, if any of the content posted or displayed on our products is deemed by the PRC government to violate any content restrictions, we would not be able to continue to display such content and could become subject to penalties, including confiscation of income, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

We may also be subject to potential liability for any unlawful actions by our users on our products. It may be difficult to determine the type of content or actions that may result in liability to us and, if we are found to be liable, we may be prevented from operating our business in China. Moreover, the costs of compliance with these regulations may continue to increase as a result of more content being made available by an increasing number of users of our platform, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Although we have adopted internal procedures to monitor content and to remove offending content once we become aware of any potential or alleged violation, we may not be able to identify all the content that may violate relevant laws and regulations or third-party intellectual property rights. Even if we manage to identify and remove offensive content, we may still be held liable. For example, in August 2021, a local branch of the MCT ordered to confiscate approximately RMB451,801 as illegal earnings from and imposed a fine of approximately RMB458,882 on Molihong for providing online publication to the public without any internet publication service license and providing online pornography publication to the public on Fengdu Novel. We cannot assure you that our business and operations will be immune from government actions or sanctions in the future. To the extent that PRC regulatory authorities find any content displayed on our platform objectionable, they may require us to limit or eliminate the dissemination of such content on our platform in the form of take-down orders or otherwise. In addition, these laws and regulations are subject to interpretation by the relevant authorities, and it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types of content that could result in our liability as a platform operator.

Advertisements shown on our platform may subject us to penalties and other administrative actions.

Under PRC advertising laws and regulations, we are obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform to ensure that such content is true and accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Advertisements shall not hinder public order, violate social morality or contain illegal contents, including, but not limited to, obscenity, pornography, gambling, superstition, terror and violence contents. Otherwise, the administration of market regulation may (i) order to stop publishing of the advertisement and; (ii) confiscate the advertising fees; (iii) impose a penalty ranging from RMB200,000 to RMB1,000,000; or (iv) in serious cases, cancel the business license and cancel the registration certificate for publishing advertisements. In addition, where a special government review is required for specific types of advertisements prior to internet posting, such as advertisements relating to pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals, we are obligated to confirm that such review has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, PRC governmental authorities may force us to terminate our advertising operations.

While we have made significant efforts to ensure that the advertisements shown on our platform are in full compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in such advertisements or offers is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws and regulations or otherwise in full compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we are found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and prospects. Although the advertisements displayed on our platform may not directly contain sensitive or illegal contents, including, but not limited to, gambling and pyramid selling, the advertisers may use inducing words to indirectly attract advertisement viewers to participate in gambling, pyramid selling, or other illegal activities. If we receive a complaint that any superficially compliant advertisement is linked to one or more webpages that feature non-compliant advertising content, we will remove the related advertisement. Although our agreements with the advertising agencies provide that the advertisements provided by the advertisers shall comply with the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, we cannot control or supervise advertising contents and the linked webpages all the time. Therefore, we cannot guarantee you that all of the advertisements displayed on our platform will comply with relevant laws and regulations.

Table of Contents

In April 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Advertising Law, effective on September 1, 2015, and amended on October 26, 2018 and April 29, 2021. According to the Advertising Law, advertisements shall not have any false or misleading content, or defraud or mislead consumers. Furthermore, an advertisement will be deemed as a “false advertisement” if any of the following situations exist: (i) the advertised product or service does not exist; (ii) there is any inconsistency that has a material impact on the decision to purchase in what is included in the advertisement with the actual circumstances with respect to the product’s performance, function, place of production, usage, quality, specification, ingredient, price, producer, term of validity, sales condition and honors received, among others, or the service’s content, provider, form, quality, price, sales condition, and honors received, among others, or any commitments, among others, made on the product or service; (iii) using fabricated, forged or unverifiable scientific research results, statistical data, investigation results, excerpts, quotations or other information as supporting material; (iv) effect or results of using the good or receiving the service are fabricated; or (v) other circumstances where consumers are defrauded or misled by any false or misleading content.

The laws and regulations of advertising are relatively new and evolving and there is substantial uncertainty as to the interpretation of “false advertisement” by the State Administration for Market Regulation (formerly known as the State Administration for Industry and Commerce), or the SAMR. If any of the advertisements that we publish is deemed to be a “false advertisement” by the SAMR or its local branch, we could be subject to various penalties, such as discontinuation of publishing the relevant advertisement, imposition of fines and obligations to eliminate any adverse effects incurred by such false advertisement, revocation of our business license and other approvals, rejection of our other advertisement examination application, or even criminal liabilities under circumstances of serious violations. For detailed descriptions, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Advertising Services.” We have received and may continue to receive administrative penalties from local branch of SAMR for illegal or inappropriate content and false advertisements placed on our mobile apps. Any resulting penalties may disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective in January 2008 and most recently amended in December 2018, an enterprise established outside mainland China with “de facto management bodies” within mainland China is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Further to SAT Circular 82, in 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, amended in 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. SAT Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities’ procedures.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered as a PRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in mainland China; (b) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in mainland China; (c) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in mainland China; and (d) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in mainland China. SAT Bulletin 45 specifies that when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourced dividends, interest, royalties, etc. to the Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

Table of Contents

In addition, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues concerning the Determination of Resident Enterprises Based on the Standards of Actual Management Institutions in January 2014 to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. This bulletin further provides that, among other things, an entity that is classified as a “resident enterprise” in accordance with the circular shall file the application for classifying its status of residential enterprise with the local tax authorities where its main domestic investors are registered. From the year in which the entity is determined to be a “resident enterprise,” any dividend, profit and other equity investment gain shall be taxed in accordance with the enterprise income tax law and its implementing rules.

Although our offshore holding entity is not controlled by PRC enterprises or a PRC enterprise group, our revenues are primarily generated from business operations conducted in PRC, and we cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC tax authorities determine that we or any of our non-PRC subsidiaries is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, which could subject our company or any of our non-PRC subsidiaries to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we may also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.

If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiary, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiary to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign-invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside mainland China, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10.0%. Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and mainland China, such rate may be reduced to 5.0% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25.0% of the equity interest in the PRC company. Our current PRC subsidiary is wholly owned by our Hong Kong subsidiary, CooTek Hong Kong Limited, or CooTek HK. Accordingly, CooTek HK may qualify for a 5.0% tax rate in respect of distributions from its PRC subsidiary. Under the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated on February 20, 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include: (1) the taxpayer must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends, and (2) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiary must have continuously met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Further, the SAT promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Recognize the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties in 2009, most recently amended on February 3, 2018, and effective from April 1, 2018, which sets forth several non-rebuttable presumptions to be a “beneficial owner,” and certain detailed factors in determining the “beneficial owner” status.

Entitlement to a lower tax rate on dividends according to tax treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions is subject to Administrative Measures on Entitlement of Non-residents to Treatment under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60, replaced by SAT Circular 35 in 2019, which provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be entitled to any preferential withholding tax rate under tax treaties for dividends received from our PRC subsidiary.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors.

Table of Contents

In February 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, as amended in 2017, which replaced certain clauses of the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax on Non-resident Enterprises’ Equity Transfer Income issued by the SAT in December 2009. Pursuant to this bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in mainland China, immovable properties located in mainland China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consist of direct or indirect investment in mainland China or if its income mainly derives from mainland China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in mainland China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. SAT Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Bulletin 7. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions under SAT Bulletin 7. In 2014, we repurchased certain number of ordinary shares in CooTek (Cayman) Inc. from an existing shareholder for the consideration of US$9.3 million. The existing shareholder undertook to make the necessary tax filings in relation to this repurchase by herself and to indemnify us against any losses arising from the failure to make such tax filings. However, we cannot assure you that, if the existing shareholder fails to make necessary tax filings, the tax authority would not require us to make such tax filings and even subject us to fines. As of the date of this annual report, we have neither received any notice of warning nor been subject to any penalties or other disciplinary action from the relevant government authorities regarding such tax filing. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiary may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars.

Table of Contents

Mainland China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in August 2007 and effective in August 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (i.e., during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China, or (ii) the total turnover within mainland China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China) must be cleared by MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, in February 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, in August 2011, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, to implement the Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under the Circular 6 led by the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, and MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the internet information services, online games, online audio-visual program services and related businesses requires security review, and there is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review. In addition, on December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, or the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, which took effect on January 18, 2021. Under the Foreign Investment Security Review Measures, investment in certain key areas which results in acquiring the actual control of the assets is required to obtain approval from designated governmental authorities in advance.

In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, MOFCOM or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in mainland China, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited.

Table of Contents

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.

In July 2014, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaced the Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 75. Circular 37 requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015, by the SAFE, as amended in 2019, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiary may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Karl Kan Zhang, Susan Qiaoling Li, Michael Jialiang Wang, Jim Jian Wang and Haiyan Zhu, who directly or indirectly hold shares in CooTek (Cayman) Inc. and who are PRC residents, have completed the SAFE registration in connection with our financings and have committed to update their registration filings with SAFE under SAFE Circular 75 or Circular 37 when any changes should be registered under SAFE Circular 75 or Circular 37. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners that are required to make such registrations, and we cannot compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiary, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our subsidiary’s ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Table of Contents

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options may follow SAFE Circular 37 to apply for the foreign exchange registration before our company becomes an overseas listed company. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options are subject to these regulations. We have completed such SAFE registrations for our PRC stock option holder employees in March 2019. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the relevant registration for new employees who participate in such stock incentive plan in the future in a timely manner or at all. Failure of our PRC stock option holders to complete their SAFE registrations may subject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of our public offerings to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and the VIEs, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiary and the VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiary and the VIEs, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, or we may establish new PRC subsidiary and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we may acquire offshore entities with business operations in mainland China in an offshore transaction.

Most of these ways are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiary to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRC subsidiary by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings with the MOFCOM and registration with other governmental authorities in mainland China. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to the VIEs, which are PRC domestic companies. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of the VIEs by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in internet information services, online games, online audio-visual program services and related businesses.

Table of Contents

The SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective in June 2015. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within mainland China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective in June 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our public offerings, to our PRC subsidiary, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in mainland China. On October 23, 2019, SAFE issued Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the Circular 28. Circular 28 allows non-investment foreign-invested enterprises to use their capital funds to make equity investments in mainland China; provided that such investments do not violate the Negative List and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with PRC laws. Since Circular 28 was issued only recently, its interpretation and implementation in practice are still subject to substantial uncertainties.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Fluctuation in the value of the RMB may have a material adverse effect on the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

A certain percentage of our costs, expenses and revenues are denominated in RMB. Any significant depreciation of the RMB may materially adversely affect the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we received from our initial public offering into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of paying dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have an adverse effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Table of Contents

The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. Our operations in mainland China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and it may influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and the value of our ADSs. Also, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline, or become worthless. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Since our auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has been unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditor is not currently inspected by the PCAOB. As a result, we and investors in our ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in mainland China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of mainland China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, was signed into law on December 18, 2020. The HFCAA states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection for the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments implementing the disclosure and submission requirements of the HFCAA, pursuant to which the SEC will identify an issuer as a “Commission Identified Issuer” if the issuer has filed an annual report containing an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and will then impose a trading prohibition on an issuer after it is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for three consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB identified our auditor as one of the registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely. In May 2022, in connection with its implementation of the HFCAA, the SEC conclusively named our company as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC on April 29, 2022.

Table of Contents

Whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditor before the issuance of our financial statements on Form 20-F for the year ending December 31, 2023 which is due by April 30, 2024, or at all, is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. Such a prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. The related risks and uncertainties could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within mainland China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigations initiated by regulators outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism and involves uncertainty. The PRC government authorities have strengthened the supervision of cross-border information provision recently. For example, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation, evidence collection and other activities within the PRC territory. Furthermore, pursuant to the draft of Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) issued by the CSRC on April 2, 2022, if any overseas securities regulators and competent overseas authorities requests to investigate, including to collect evidence for investigation purpose, or inspects a PRC domestic company that has been listed or offered securities in an overseas market or securities companies and securities service providers that undertake securities business for such PRC domestic companies, such investigation and inspection shall be conducted under a cross-border regulatory cooperation mechanism, and the CSRC and competent authorities will provide necessary assistance pursuant to bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation— Regulations Relating to M&A and Overseas Listing.” While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated and the draft of Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) have not been formally adopted, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China may further increase the difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.”

The custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, may fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets.

Under the PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with relevant PRC market regulation administrative authorities.

Table of Contents

In order to secure the use of our chops and seals, we have established internal control procedures and rules for using these chops and seals. In any event that the chops and seals are intended to be used, the responsible personnel will submit a formal application, which will be verified and approved by authorized employees in accordance with our internal control procedures and rules. In addition, in order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of one of our subsidiaries or our affiliated entities or their subsidiaries. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling non-tangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations, and we may not be able to recover our loss due to such misuse or misappropriation if the third party relies on the apparent authority of such employees and acts in good faith.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

If we do not satisfy the NYSE requirements for continued listing, our ADS could be delisted from NYSE.

The listing of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange is contingent on our compliance with the NYSE’s conditions for continued listing.

Pursuant to NYSE Rule 802.01B, a company will be considered to be below compliance if its average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading-day period is less than US$50 million and, at the same time stockholders’ equity is less than US$50 million. We received a letter from the NYSE dated January 5, 2022 and further e-mail communication on the same date, notifying CooTek that (i) it was below compliance standards due to its total market capitalization and stockholders’ equity, (ii) the due date for CooTek to submit a business plan that demonstrates compliance was April 5, 2022, and (iii) the applicable cure period for CooTek to regain compliance would expire on July 5, 2023. On March 16, 2022, we submitted the requisite business plan to the NYSE. On April 14, 2022, NYSE notified us that the business plan was accepted. The NYSE will continue to review our regularly scheduled financial reporting cycle during an 18-month period from January 5, 2022 in order to examine our compliance with the goals and initiatives outlined in the business plan. Failure to maintain these goals will result in our company being subject to NYSE trading suspension at the point the initiative or goal is not met.

Pursuant to NYSE Rule 802.01C, a company will be considered to be below compliance standards if the average closing price of a security as reported on the consolidated tape is less than US$1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Once notified, the company must bring its share price and average share price back above US$1.00 by six months following receipt of the notification. The company can regain compliance at any time during the six-month cure period if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period the company has a closing share price of at least US$1.00 and an average closing share price of at least US$1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. In the event that at the expiration of the six-month cure period, both a US$1.00 closing share price on the last trading day of the cure period and a US$1.00 average closing share price over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the cure period are not attained, the NYSE will commence suspension and delisting procedures. In addition, we understand that the NYSE has a policy to suspend trading immediately and commence delisting procedures if the market price of securities falls to US$0.16 or less. We received a letter from the NYSE dated December 6, 2021 notifying CooTek that it was below compliance standards due to the trading price of CooTek’s ADS. With respect to the non-compliance related to our trading price, we plan to change our ADS Ratio from the current ADS Ratio of one ADS to fifty (50) Class A ordinary shares to a new ADS Ratio of one ADS to six hundred and fifty (650) Class A ordinary shares. We anticipate that the change in the ADS Ratio will be effective on or about May 9, 2022, subject to the effectiveness of the post-effective amendment to the ADS Registration Statement on Form F-6 on or before that date.

Failure to implement or achieve the financial and operational goals outlined in our business plan or any of the minimum listing standard, including having an average global market capitalization over a 30-day period of over US$15 million, will result in us being subject to NYSE trading suspension at the point the initiative, goal, or standard is not met. Upon such an occurrence, we may be delisting by the NYSE. We may also be subject to immediate suspension and delisting if the NYSE determines that we have filed or have announced an intent to file for relief under any provisions of any bankruptcy laws. In the event our ADSs are no longer listed for trading on the NYSE, we will have decreased exposure in foreign markets and experience further difficulties in raising capital which could materially affect our operations and financial results, and the liquidity and value of an investment in our ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

Table of Contents

The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the trading price of our ADSs has ranged from US$0.48 to US$6.81 per ADS. The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other mobile internet companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

●

variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and data related to our operating metrics;

●

announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

●

announcements of new product and service offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

●

changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

●

financial projections that may be provided by us and changes to these projections;

●

detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products and services or our industry;

●

additions or departures of key personnel;

●

release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

●

potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our operating results. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

Public companies listed in the United States that have a substantial majority of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.

Table of Contents

We may be the subject of unfavorable allegations made by short sellers in the future. Any such allegations may be followed by periods of instability in the market price of our common shares and ADSs and negative publicity. If and when we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable federal or state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations and shareholders’ equity, and the value of any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have created a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares shall consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to twenty-five (25) votes per share on all matters subject to vote at general meetings of our company based on our dual-class share structure. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity other than holders of Class B ordinary shares or their affiliates, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares to any person who is not an affiliate of the holder thereof, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares.

As of March 31, 2022, our chairman of the board of directors and chief technology officer, Karl Kan Zhang, beneficially owned all of our issued Class B ordinary shares. These Class B ordinary shares constituted approximately 5.4% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 58.6% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital as of March 31, 2022, due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.” As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have recently announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

Table of Contents

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us, or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

Substantial future sale or the perception of a potential sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect our ADRs’ market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for a future dividend income.

Pursuant to our seventh amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend either out of profits or share premium account; provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Table of Contents

You may be subject to PRC income tax on dividends from us or on any gain realized on the transfer of our ADSs.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, subject to any applicable tax treaty or similar arrangement between the PRC and your jurisdiction of residence that provides for a different income tax arrangement, PRC withholding tax at the rate of 10% is normally applicable to dividends from PRC sources payable to investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business if the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business. Any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such non-PRC resident enterprise investors is also subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC, unless a tax treaty or similar arrangement provides otherwise. Under the PRC Individual Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, dividends from sources within the PRC paid to foreign individual investors who are not PRC residents are generally subject to a PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20% and gains from PRC sources realized by such investors on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares are generally subject to 20% PRC income tax, in each case, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties and similar arrangements and PRC laws. Although substantially all of our daily operations are in China, it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs, or the gain realized from the transfer of our ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and as a result be subject to PRC income tax if we were considered a PRC resident enterprise, as described above. If PRC income tax were imposed on gains realized through the transfer of our ADSs or on dividends paid to our non-PRC resident investors, the value of your investment in our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, our ADS holders whose jurisdictions of residence have tax treaties or similar arrangements with China may not qualify for benefits under such tax treaties or arrangements.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a passive foreign investment company, or “PFIC,” for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income; or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat the VIEs as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes because we control their management decisions and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with them. As a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of the VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year.

Assuming that we are the owner of the VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2021 and we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets.

Fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In particular, recent decline in the market price of our ADSs increased our risk of becoming a PFIC. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information-Taxation-United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations-Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Table of Contents

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our seventh memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our dual-class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to holders of the Class B ordinary shares. In addition, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class A ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders, and the fiduciary duties owed to us by our directors under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties owed to us by our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for our shareholders to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for them to motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff (s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the federal or state courts in the City of New York have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

Table of Contents

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable U.S. state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding.

The depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, although the arbitration provisions do not preclude you from pursuing claims under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in state or federal courts.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our daily operations are conducted in mainland China. In addition, substantially all of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, and substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

On July 14, 2006, the Supreme People’s Court of China and the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region signed an Arrangement on Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, or the 2006 Arrangement, which came into effect on August 1, 2008. Under the 2006 Arrangement, where any designated mainland China court or any designated Hong Kong court has made an enforceable final judgment requiring payment of money in a civil or commercial case pursuant to a “choice of court” agreement in writing, any party concerned may apply to the relevant mainland China court or Hong Kong court for recognition and enforcement of the judgment.

Table of Contents

On January 18, 2019, the Supreme Court of the People’s Republic of China and the Department of Justice under the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region signed the Arrangement on Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters by the Courts of the Mainland and of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the 2019 Arrangement. The 2019 Arrangement seeks to establish a mechanism for judgment recognition and enforcement with greater clarity and certainty in a wider range of civil and commercial matters between the mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The 2019 Arrangement expands the types of judgements which may be enforced to monetary and non-monetary relief in most civil and commercial matters. The 2019 Arrangement removes the pre-condition of “choice of court” agreement in writing before seeking enforcement of a judgment. Instead, it will be sufficient to show the court that the issued judgement had a “jurisdictional basis,” which can be established in a number of methods including showing that there is a connection between the dispute and the requesting place, such as the defendant’s place of residence, place of business or place of performance of the contract, or the commission of the tort. The 2019 Arrangement will come into effect after the promulgation of a judicial interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court and the completion of the relevant legislative procedures in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The 2019 Arrangement will, upon its effectiveness, supersede the 2006 Arrangement. Although the 2019 Arrangement has been signed, its effective date has yet to be announced. If a “choice of court” agreement in writing has been signed by parties according to the 2006 Arrangement prior to the effectiveness of the 2019 Arrangement, the 2006 Arrangement shall still apply. There are still uncertainties about the outcomes and effectiveness of enforcement or recognition of judgments under the 2019 Arrangement.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. Therefore, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company until the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important. In addition, pursuant to the JOBS Act, we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. As a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards. If we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will no longer be able to take advantage of these exemptions or the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs less attractive or our company less comparable to certain other public companies because we will rely on these exemptions and election. If some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and our ADS price may be more volatile.

Table of Contents

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We are a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also permits an emerging growth company to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of such extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we may incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. We have chosen, and may from time to time choose, to follow home country exemptions with respect to certain corporate matters. For example, beginning on September 2, 2019, we have been following home country practice in lieu of the requirements of NYSE Listed Company Manual Section 303A.01 to have a majority of independent directors and Section 303A.07 to have an audit committee with at least three members. As a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the NYSE governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

●

the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

●

the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

Table of Contents

●

the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

●

the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we voluntarily publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. Press releases relating to financial results and material events are furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC are less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class A ordinary shares.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you do not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You are not able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw such shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our seventh amended and restated articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

Table of Contents

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Table of Contents

PART II

ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chairman of the board of directors, chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2021. Based upon that evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chairman of the board of directors, chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in this annual report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported to them for assessment, and required disclosure is made within the time period specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the exchange Act), under the supervision and with the participation of our chairman of the board of directors, chief executive officer and chief financial officer, our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, our management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In preparing our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, we identified one material and one significant deficiency. The material weakness identified related to the lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. The significant control deficiency related to lack of formal risk assessment process and monitoring activities in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

To remediate our identified material weakness and improve our internal control over financial reporting, we have implemented a number of measures to address the material weakness and significant deficiency. These measures including the follows:

●

we have developed a comprehensive accounting policies and procedures manual in accordance with U.S. GAAP available to guide the day-to-day accounting operation and reporting work of our accounting personnel;

●

we have hired additional competent and qualified accounting and reporting personnel with relevant knowledge and working experiences of U.S. GAAP; and

●

we have hired additional competent and qualified personnel with relevant knowledge and working experiences of internal control over financial reporting to monitoring our daily activities.

As of December 31, 2021, based on the measures implemented as described above, while we need to continue to improve our internal controls process, our management concluded the material weakness has been remediated while the significant deficiency remain as we are still in the process of completing our implementation of remediation measures. We are in the process of implementing remediation measures to remediate the significant deficiency. However, we cannot assure you that we will remediate our deficiencies in a timely manner.

Table of Contents

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the temporary rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

Our independent registered public accounting firm were not required to perform an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. Had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional control deficiencies may have been identified. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.”

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting for five years.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the period ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

PART III

ITEM 19.EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number		Description of Document

1.1		Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on August 16, 2018 (File No. 333- 226867))
2.1†		Specimen American Depositary Receipt of the Registrant (included in Exhibit 2.3)
2.2		Specimen Certificate for Class A Ordinary Shares of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
2.3†		Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and holders and beneficial holders of the American Depositary Shares dated September 27, 2018
2.4		Fifth Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement between the Registrant and other parties therein dated January 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
2.5†		Description of rights of each class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
4.1		2012 Stock Incentive Plan(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.2		2018 Share Incentive Plan(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.3		Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.4		Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and executive officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.5		Executed form of exclusive business cooperation agreement between Shanghai Chule (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and a VIE, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed exclusive business cooperation agreements adopting the same form in respect of each of the VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.6		Executed form of exclusive purchase option agreements among Shanghai Chule (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and each shareholder of the VIEs, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed exclusive purchase option agreements adopting the same form in respect of each of the VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.7		Executed form of equity pledge agreements among Shanghai Chule (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and each shareholder of the VIEs, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all equity pledge agreement adopting the same form in respect of each of the VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.8		Executed form of powers of attorney granted by each shareholder of the VIEs, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all powers of attorney adopting the same form in respect of each of VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.9		Executed form of loan agreement between Shanghai Chule (CooTek) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and each shareholder of the VIEs, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed loan agreements adopting the same form in respect of each of the VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.10		The form spouse consent letter signed by each spouse of the shareholders of the VIEs, as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2020).
4.11		Series D-1 Preferred Share Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and other parties dated January 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)

Table of Contents

Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.12		The form of audience network terms between Facebook, Inc. and Facebook Ireland Limited and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.13		The form of Google DoubleClick Platform Services Terms and Conditions between Google Inc. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.14		The form of DFP Small Business Online Standard Terms & Conditions between Google Inc. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.15		The form of Google AdSense Online Terms of Service between Google Inc. and us (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
4.16		The form of MoPub Terms of Service between Twitter, Inc. and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665), filed with the Commission on April 15, 2019)
4.17		The form of Chuan Shan Jia Distribution Cooperation Agreement signed by certain VIEs and a schedule of all executed Chuan Shan Jia Distribution Cooperation Agreements adopting the same form in respect of each of these VIEs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38665), filed with the Commission on April 26, 2021)
4.18		Securities Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and YA II PN, LTD. dated January 19, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38665), filed on January 19, 2021)
4.19		Convertible Note issued by the Registrant to YA II PN, LTD. dated January 19, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38665), filed on January 19, 2021)
4.20		Letter of Agreement to Amend and Restate the Convertible Note issued by the Company to YA II PN, LTD. on March 19, 2021 dated October 29, 2021 (incorporated by reference on Exhibit 10.1 from our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38665), filed on November 1, 2021
4.21		Convertible Note issued by the Registrant to YA II PN, LTD. dated March 19, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38665), filed on March 19, 2021)
4.22		Securities Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and Mercer Street Global Opportunity Fund LLC, dated August 16, 2021 (incorporated by reference on Exhibit 10.1 from our Form 6-K (File No. 001-38665), filed on August 16, 2021
8.1†		List of Principal Subsidiaries and Variable Interest Entities of the Registrant
11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-226867), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)
12.1*		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1**		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1†		Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm
15.2*		Consent of JunHe LLP
15.3†		Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP
101.INS†		XBRL Instance Document - this instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE†		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104†		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

†	Filed on April 29, 2022

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F/A and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.